A gland in an animal that secretes a chemical substance that is toxic to other animals. Venom glands have various origins depending on the animal species. The venom glands of reptiles such as poisonous snakes and beaded lizards are differentiated from oral glands. In poisonous snakes, they are modified labial glands, and in the case of beaded lizards, they are modified sublingual glands, and both are connected to the venom fangs. The venom glands (ear glands) of amphibians such as toads are skin glands. Fish such as the striped lance, stonefish, lionfish, and rabbitfish have venom glands at the base of the dorsal, pelvic, and pectoral fins, and stingrays have venom glands at the base of the spines on the back of the tail, but both are skin glands. Some moray eels have venom glands in the palate, and inject venom as they bite with their teeth. In invertebrate animals, many arthropods have venom glands. In the case of wasps, the female has a venom gland in the abdomen. In the case of chelipeds such as centipedes and house centipedes, the venom gland is built into the first segment of the body (the maxilla). The venom gland of a scorpion is in the telson segment, and is a pair of sac-like glands. The venom gland of a spider is in the cephalothorax or the basal segment, and opens into the tubular fangs in the upper jaw. In mollusks, the venom glands in the radula of the cone shell are famous, and the Amboina shell, for example, secretes a toxin that is deadly to humans. The venom of an octopus comes from the salivary gland, and the venom of the blue-ringed octopus is particularly dangerous. Among echinoderms, the sea urchin, the diademed fish, and the crown-of-thorns starfish have venom glands in the outer skin or at the tip of the spines. The trumpet sea urchin and the white-bearded sea urchin have a venomous peduncle that is a specialized peduncle, and the venom gland is located in that part. [Amanami Amemiya] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
動物がもつ腺で、他の動物に対して有毒な作用がある化学物質を分泌するものをいう。毒腺は、動物種によってさまざまな起源をもつ。爬虫(はちゅう)類の毒ヘビやドクトカゲの毒腺は、口腔(こうこう)腺から分化している。毒ヘビの場合は唇腺が、ドクトカゲの場合は舌下腺が変化したもので、ともに毒牙(どくが)に連なっている。両生類のヒキガエルの毒腺(耳腺)は、皮膚腺の一つである。魚類のゴンズイ、オコゼ、ミノカサゴ、アイゴなどでは背びれ、腹びれ、胸びれの基部に、アカエイでは尾部背面の棘(とげ)の基部に、それぞれ毒腺を有するが、ともに皮膚腺である。ウツボ類のなかには口蓋(こうがい)に毒腺を有するものがあり、歯でかむと同時に毒液を注入する。無脊椎(むせきつい)動物では、節足動物に毒腺をもつものが多い。ハチ類では雌の腹部に毒腺を有する。ムカデ、ゲジなどの唇脚類では、胴部の第1体節付属肢(顎肢(がくし))に毒腺を内蔵する。サソリの毒腺は尾節にあり、嚢(のう)状をした1対の腺である。クモの毒腺は頭胸部または基節にあり、上顎にある管状の牙(きば)に開口している。軟体動物では、イモガイ類の歯舌にある毒腺は名高く、アンボイナガイなどはヒトに対して致命的な毒素を分泌する。タコの毒は唾液(だえき)腺に由来し、なかでもヒョウモンダコの毒はきわめて危険である。棘皮(きょくひ)動物のうちフクロウニ、ガンガゼ、オニヒトデなどは、棘の外皮や先端部に毒腺を有する。ラッパウニやシラヒゲウニには、叉棘(さきょく)が特殊化した毒叉棘があり、その部分に毒腺をもつ。 [雨宮昭南] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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