Chemical fossil

Japanese: 化学化石 - かがくかせき(英語表記)chemical fossil
Chemical fossil

When organic substances contained in sedimentary rocks and fossils are derived from living organisms, these organic compounds are called chemical fossils. In 1954, Abelson of the Carnegie Institution for Science in the United States was the first to reveal that fish fossils from the Devonian Period of the Paleozoic Era contained the seven amino acids that made up living organisms when they lived. Later, in their book titled The Chemical Fossil , American scientists G. Eglinton and Calvin called organic compounds preserved in sediments that were confirmed by chemical analysis to be derived from the living organisms of ancient organisms as chemical fossils.

Chemical fossils that have been identified so far include stable hydrocarbons and porphyrins, as well as unstable compounds such as fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and lignin. Their geological age spans more than 3 billion years, and they are valuable materials for considering the origin and evolution of early life on Earth. Chemical fossils are also called molecular fossils. During the course of biological evolution, the process in which simple organic compounds with small molecular weight structures develop into compounds with large molecular weight and complex structures is called chemical evolution or molecular evolution. This process also provides valuable clues for considering the geological environment, such as the earth's temperature. However, organic compounds that have secondarily seeped into the strata after they were deposited, and insoluble polymeric compounds are not called chemical fossils.

In 1996, apatite discovered in a 3.85 billion year old iron deposit in Greenland was found to have a carbon isotopic composition that revealed it to be of biological origin, making it the oldest known chemical fossil and the oldest record of life.

[Masae Omori]

"Chemical Evolution: Molecular Evolution to the Origin of Life in the Universe" by M. Calvin, translated by Fujio Egami et al. (1970, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)""Chemical Evolution: The Chemical Basis of the Origin of Life" by Kaoru Harada (1971, Kyoritsu Shuppan)""Molecular Fossils Revived: An Invitation to Organic Geology" by Masahiko Akiyama (1995, Kyoritsu Shuppan)"

[Reference items] | Abelson | Fossils | Calvin | Paleontology | Molecular Evolution | Organic Compounds

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

堆積(たいせき)岩や化石に含まれている有機物質が生物体から由来するものであった場合、これらの有機化合物を化学化石とよぶ。アメリカのカーネギー研究所のエーベルソンは、1954年に古生代デボン紀の魚の化石に、生息時の生体を構成していた7種のアミノ酸が含まれていることを初めて明らかにした。その後、アメリカのエグリントンG. Eglintonとカルビンは『化学化石』The Chemical Fossilという標題の著書のなかで、堆積物の中に保存されている古生物の生体から由来した有機化合物が、化学分析によって確認されたものを化学化石とよんだ。

 これまでに確認された化学化石には、安定な炭化水素やポルフィリンのほか、不安定な脂肪酸、炭水化物、タンパク質、リグニンなどの化合物がある。その地質年代は30億年以上に及び、地球上における初期生命の起源や進化を考えるために貴重な資料となっている。化学化石のことを別に「生体分子の化石」molecular fossilともいう。生物進化の過程で、分子量の小さい構造の単純な有機化合物が、分子量の大きい複雑な構造をもった化合物に発達していく過程を化学進化chemical evolutionとか分子進化molecular evolutionという。この過程はまた、地温などその地質学的環境を考えるうえで貴重な手掛りとなっている。ただし、地層が堆積したのちに二次的に染み込んだ有機化合物や、不溶性の高分子化合物の場合は化学化石とはよばれない。

 1996年にグリーンランドの38億5000万年前の鉄鉱層から発見された燐灰石に含まれる炭素の同位体組成を調べた結果、これが生物起源の炭素であることが判明した。これは最古の化学化石であり、また最古の生命の記録でもある。

[大森昌衛]

『M・カルビン著、江上不二夫ほか訳『化学進化――宇宙における生命の起原への分子進化』(1970・東京化学同人)』『原田馨著『化学進化――生命の起源の化学的基礎』(1971・共立出版)』『秋山雅彦著『よみがえる分子化石――有機地質学への招待』(1995・共立出版)』

[参照項目] | エーベルソン | 化石 | カルビン | 古生物 | 分子進化学 | 有機化合物

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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