Motor cortex - exercise

Japanese: 運動野 - うんどうや
Motor cortex - exercise

This is an area of ​​the cerebral cortex where nerve cells that send out motor commands are concentrated, and includes the primary motor cortex (area 4) and premotor cortex (area 6) in the frontal lobe, and the supplementary motor area on the inner surface of the hemisphere. In humans, the primary motor cortex is particularly well developed and differentiated, and various parts of the body involved in physical movement have corresponding parts of the nervous system here. The area corresponding to the feet is located at the top of the primary motor cortex, and the area corresponding to the face is located at the bottom. The upper part of the face corresponds to bilateral signals that are transmitted in both directions, but the other areas correspond to unilateral signals that are transmitted in only one direction. Also, the areas that control the muscles used for language and hand movements are particularly large in humans, which allows them to perform physical movements, including language, with great sophistication compared to other animals.

The nerve fibers coming out of the nerve cells in the motor cortex cross over on their way down to the spinal cord, so the motor control in the brain and the body are opposites. Therefore, if the motor cortex on the left side is damaged, the muscles on the right side become paralyzed. However, the upper face does not become paralyzed because it is controlled bilaterally as mentioned above.

[Torii Shizuo]

[Reference] | Cerebrum
Brodmann's brain map and classification of the neocortex
©Shogakukan ">

Brodmann's brain map and classification of the neocortex

Functional localization of motor and cutaneous sensory areas
The diagram shows a schematic of the arrangement of the motor cortex (left) and the cutaneous sensory cortex (right). *By Penfield and Rasmussen ©Shogakukan

Functional localization of motor and cutaneous sensory areas


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

大脳皮質の中で、運動の指令を送り出す神経細胞が集まっている領域で、前頭葉の第一次運動野(4野)、運動前野(6野)および半球内面の補足運動野がある。ヒトでは第一次運動野がとくに発達分化していて、身体運動にかかわるいろいろな部位が、ここに対応する神経系の部位をもっている。第一次運動野の上の方には足に対応する部位が、下の方には顔面に対応する部位が局在している。顔面上部では両方向伝導される両側性に対応しているが、その他の部位は一方向にのみ伝わる一側性に対応している。また、言語と手の運動に使われる筋を支配する領域が、ヒトではとくに広くなっているために、他の動物と比べて、言語を含めた身体運動をきわめて巧妙に行うことができる。

 運動野にある神経細胞から出る神経線維は、途中で交叉(こうさ)して脊髄へ下るので、脳と身体とでは運動支配が反対になっている。したがって、左側の運動野が壊れると、右側の筋肉が麻痺(まひ)するわけである。ただし、顔面上部は、前述のように両側支配であるため麻痺がおこらない。

[鳥居鎮夫]

[参照項目] | 大脳
ブロードマンの脳地図と新皮質の分類
©Shogakukan">

ブロードマンの脳地図と新皮質の分類

運動野と皮膚感覚野の機能局在
図では運動野(左)と皮膚感覚野(右)の配置を模式的に示す※PenfieldとRasmussenによる©Shogakukan">

運動野と皮膚感覚野の機能局在


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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