Toulouse - Toulouse (English spelling)

Japanese: トゥールーズ - とぅーるーず(英語表記)Toulouse
Toulouse - Toulouse (English spelling)

It is the capital of the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It is the fourth largest city in France after Paris, Marseille, and Lyon. It has a population of 390,350 (1999). It is located between the Aquitaine Basin and the Mediterranean Sea, and the Garonne River runs through the city. It is connected to the Mediterranean Sea by the Canal du Midi and to the Atlantic Ocean by the Canal de Garonne. It has flourished as a key transportation point since ancient times, and is currently a center of administration, culture, religion, and commerce, with the tertiary industry being particularly developed. In commerce, it is important as a trading center for agricultural products from the Aquitaine Basin. Industry developed after World War I, utilizing the coalfields of the Aquitaine region, hydroelectric power in the Pyrenees, and natural gas from Saint-Marcé and Lac. Metal, textile, paper, machinery, chemical, and other industries developed, but the aircraft industry has developed particularly notably. The aircraft industry developed as a result of the decentralization policy of factories after World War II, and it is the center of the aircraft industry not only in France but also in Western Europe. It is also home to the National Aviation School and the Institute of Space Technology.

There are many historical buildings, including the Church of Saint-Sernin, where the tomb of Thomas Aquinas is located, the largest Romanesque basilica in France, built between the 11th and 14th centuries, the Gothic Saint-Etienne Cathedral (11th to 17th centuries), the Gothic Jacobins Church (13th to 14th centuries), the 18th century Renaissance Capitole, and the university founded in 1229.

[Nobuyoshi Aoki]

history

At the end of the 2nd century BC, the Romans subjugated the capital of the Celtic Tectosagans and called it a provincial city called Tolosa. Christianity was spread in the 3rd century, and the first bishop, Saint Sernin, was martyred in 252. In the early 5th century, it was raided by the Vandals and then became the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom, but in 508 it was conquered by the Frankish king Clovis I. Throughout the Merovingian and Carolingian periods, it was often the capital of a subordinate principality or a branch kingdom governing the Aquitaine region. During the feudal period, commerce and industry developed under the rule of the Count of Toulouse, and an autonomous system developed, but with the conquest of southern France by the Albigensian Crusade, the power of the Capetian dynasty advanced, and it was incorporated into the royal domain in 1271. From the end of the Middle Ages to the 16th century, universities developed, a high court was established, and the city prospered economically and culturally, but stagnated in the 17th and 18th centuries. During the revolutionary period, famous historical events include the defeat of a royalist uprising by the citizen militia in 1799, the murder of the city governor by royalist terrorist troops in 1815, and the establishment of a commune by radical republicans in 1871.

[Atsushi Egawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス南西部、オート・ガロンヌ県の県都。パリ、マルセイユ、リヨンに次ぐフランス第4位の都市。人口39万0350(1999)。アキテーヌ盆地と地中海の中間に位置し、ガロンヌ川が市内を貫流する。地中海とはミディ運河、大西洋とはガロンヌ運河で結ばれている。古くから交通の要地として栄え、現在は行政、文化、宗教、商業の中心地で、とくに第三次産業が発達している。商業ではアキテーヌ盆地の農産物の取引地として重要である。工業は、アキテーヌ地方の炭田、ピレネー山脈の水力発電、サン・マルセやラックの天然ガスを利用して、第一次世界大戦後から発達した。金属、繊維、製紙、機械、化学などの工業が発達したが、とりわけ航空機工業の発展が著しい。航空機工業は第二次世界大戦後の工場の地方分散政策によって発達したもので、フランスばかりではなく、西ヨーロッパの航空機工業の中心地でもある。国立航空学校、宇宙工学研究所も置かれている。

 歴史的建築物が多く、トマス・アクィナスの墓があるサン・セルナン教会はフランス最大のロマネスク様式のバシリカで、11~14世紀の建造。ほかにゴシック様式のサンテティエンヌ大聖堂(11~17世紀)、ゴシックのジャコバン教会(13~14世紀)、18世紀ルネサンス建築のカピトール、1229年創立の大学などがある。

[青木伸好]

歴史

紀元前2世紀末、ケルト系テクトサゲス人の首邑(しゅゆう)をローマ人が従属させ、属州都市として、トロサTolosaとよんだ。3世紀にはキリスト教が布教され、初代司教聖セルナンは252年に殉教している。5世紀初めにバンダル人の寇掠(こうりゃく)を受け、ついで西ゴート王国の首府となったが、508年にフランク王クロービス1世により征服された。メロビング時代、カロリング時代を通じてしばしばアキテーヌ地方を統轄する従属公領や分王国の首府となった。封建時代はトゥールーズ伯の支配下に商工業の発展、自治制度の発達がみられたが、アルビジョア十字軍の南仏征服によりカペー朝の勢力が進出し、1271年に王領に合併された。中世末期から16世紀にかけては大学の発展、高等法院の設置がみられ、経済的、文化的にも繁栄したが、17、18世紀には停滞した。革命期の1799年の市民軍による王党派蜂起(ほうき)の撃破、1815年の王党派テロル部隊による市総督殺害、1871年の急進的共和派によるコミューン設立などの事件は歴史上有名。

[江川 温]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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