Animal Geography

Japanese: 動物地理区 - どうぶつちりく
Animal Geography

In faunal geography, the world's land mass is divided into faunal regions based on the phylogenetic differences of the current fauna. The main criteria are mammals and birds, but sometimes reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fish, and insects are also included. Generally, the division proposed by PL Sclater in 1857 based on the distribution of birds, and then completed by AR Wallace in 1876 based on the distribution of terrestrial animals, is considered the basis. A recent review is by PJ Darlington (1957), based on vertebrates in general. The most basic division is the region, which is mainly determined by family or higher taxonomic group, and the presence or absence of endemic groups and the proportion of the fauna that they occupy are used as the classification criteria. Above the region, the highest classification level is the realm, and below that are subregions and provinces.

Although there are slight differences in how researchers classify geographical regions, it is common to divide them into three and six regions as follows. First, the world's land mass is broadly divided into three kingdoms: the Southern Territory (Australia), the New Territory (South America), and the Northern Territory (Eurasia, Africa, and North America). Next, the Southern Territory is divided into the Australian Region, the New Territory into the Neotropical Region, and the Northern Territory into the Ethiopian Region, the Oriental Region, the Palaearctic Region, and the Nearctic Region. Each of these six regions is divided into several subregions. The Palaearctic Region and the Nearctic Region are sometimes combined into the Holarctic Region, and the two are sometimes called subregions. In addition, the Oriental Region and the Ethiopian Region are sometimes combined into the Palaeotropical Region. Among the subregions, New Zealand, which is included in the Australian Region (some consider it an independent region), and Madagascar, which is included in the Ethiopian Region, have strong endemism. Among the oceanic islands, there are islands with distinctive biota, such as the Hawaiian Islands and the Galapagos Islands, but there are various theories on how to treat them in the geographical division. The Antarctic Circle is included in the Southern Boundary, and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Boundary, but there is no consensus as to whether these should be independent regions or subregions. Ecological zones are sometimes recognized at the boundaries of geographic regions, and the area including Celebes (Sulawesi), the Maluku Islands, and the Lesser Sunda Islands east of Lombok is called Wallacea, and is famous as the ecological zone between the Oriental Region and the Australian Region. The area from southern Mexico to Central America is also known as the ecological zone between the Nearctic Region and the Neotropical Region.

The main factors that divide the zoogeographical regions are the existence of past and present geographical barriers that prevent animal migration and differences in climate. The classification of the higher geographical regions mainly reflects geological history, while the lower regions are more influenced by ecological factors such as climate and vegetation. Of the six geographical regions, the Australian Region (Southern Boundary) and the Neotropical Region (New Territories) have unique faunas, including many endemic faunas, because these continents were geographically isolated from the other continents for a long time. Conversely, the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions, which are now separated by the Bering Strait, have such a common fauna that they are often lumped together as the Holarctic Region, because these two regions were connected by land until very recently. On the other hand, among the four regions of the Northern Boundary, the Palaearctic and Nearctic Regions, and the Ethiopian and Oriental Regions have many commonalities, and there is a differentiation of faunas from north to south. This is partly due to geographical barriers such as mountains and deserts, but more due to climatic factors such as the tropical and temperate zones. The polar regions are treated differently in terms of zoogeographical divisions because they have extremely poor faunas due to climatic conditions. Different faunas may be divided into different geographical divisions, but such differences are natural, as each fauna has different abilities to migrate and disperse, and different evolutionary speeds. Therefore, a specific geographical division system or the location of the boundaries should not be regarded as absolute.

[Haruo Katakura]

Classification of zoogeographical regions and major endemic fauna
©Shogakukan ">

Classification of zoogeographical regions and major endemic fauna


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物区系地理学では、世界の陸地を現在の動物相の系統分類学的な異同に基づいて動物地理区に区分する。おもに基準にとられるのは哺乳(ほにゅう)類と鳥類であるが、場合により爬虫(はちゅう)類や両生類、淡水魚類を加えることもあり、また昆虫類に基づくこともある。一般に、1857年にスクレーターP. L. Sclaterが鳥類の分布から提案し、1876年にワラスA. R. Wallaceが陸生動物の分布状態に基づいて大成した区分が基礎とされており、近年の総説としては、脊椎(せきつい)動物全般に基づくダーリントンP. J. Darlingtonの著書(1957)がある。もっとも基本となるのは区regionで、その設定にはおもに科、もしくはそれより上位の分類群が用いられ、固有群の有無やそれが動物相で占める割合などが分類の基準とされる。区の上位に最高次の分類段階として界realmがあり、その下位には亜区subregionや地方provinceが設けられる。

 地理区の分類の仕方には研究者によって若干の違いがあるが、次のように、三界六区に分けるのが一般的である。まず、世界の陸地は南界(オーストラリア)、新界(南アメリカ)、北界(ユーラシア、アフリカ、北アメリカ)の三界に大別される。次に南界はオーストラリア区、新界は新熱帯区、北界はエチオピア区、東洋区、旧北区、新北区に分けられ、これらの六区はそれぞれがいくつかの亜区に分割される。旧北区と新北区をあわせて全北区一区とし、両者をその亜区とする場合もある。また、東洋区とエチオピア区をあわせて旧熱帯区と称する場合もある。亜区のなかではオーストラリア区に含まれるニュージーランド(独立の区とする見解もある)と、エチオピア区に含まれるマダガスカルの固有度が強い。海洋島のなかにも、ハワイ諸島、ガラパゴス諸島などの特徴的な生物相を擁する島々があるが、地理区分上の扱いには諸説がある。また、南極圏は南界に、北極圏は北界に含まれるが、これらを独立の区とするか、亜区とするかといった点については定説がない。地理区の境界には推移帯が認められることもあり、なかでもセレベス(スラウェシ)島、モルッカ諸島、およびロンボク島以東の小スンダ列島を含む地域は、ワラセアとよばれ、東洋区とオーストラリア区との推移帯として著名である。また、メキシコ南部から中央アメリカに至る地域も、新北区と新熱帯区の推移帯として知られている。

 動物地理区を分割するおもな要因は、動物の移動を妨げる過去および現在の地理的な障壁の存在と気候の違いである。上位の地理区の分類は主として地史を反映しており、下位になるにつれて気候や植生といった生態的な要因の影響が強くなる。六地理区のうち、オーストラリア区(南界)と新熱帯区(新界)は固有な動物群を多く含む独自の動物相を擁するが、それは、これらの大陸がほかの大陸から長期にわたって地理的に隔離されていたためである。逆に、現在はベーリング海峡によって隔てられている旧北区と新北区は、しばしば全北区として一括されるほど動物相に共通性があるが、これはこの二地域がごく最近まで地続きだったことによる。一方、北界の四区のなかでは旧北区と新北区、エチオピア区と東洋区の共通性が多く、南北方向での動物相の分化がみられるが、これは山脈や砂漠といった地理的な障壁の影響もあるが、それよりも熱帯と温帯という気候的な要因によるところが大きい。極地の動物地理区分上の扱いがまちまちなのも、気候的な条件の制約によって、著しく貧困な動物相しかもっていないことによる。動物群が違うと地理区の設定の仕方が異なることがあるが、動物群ごとに移動や分散の能力や、進化のスピードなどに違いがある以上、このような差異は当然であり、特定の地理区分体系や、境界線の位置を絶対視するべきではない。

[片倉晴雄]

動物地理区の分類とおもな固有動物
©Shogakukan">

動物地理区の分類とおもな固有動物


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