This is a reinforced concrete housing complex built by the Dojunkai Foundation after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. The Dojunkai Foundation was established the year after the disaster by the Ministry of Home Affairs using donations, and built temporary housing and wooden houses for victims. Between 1926 (Taisho 15) and 1934 (Showa 9), they were built in 16 locations in total: Nakanogo (Sumida Ward), Daikanyama (Shibuya Ward), Aoyama (Shibuya Ward), Yanagishima (Sumida Ward), Yamashitacho (Naka Ward, Yokohama), Hiranumacho (Kanagawa Ward, Yokohama), Mita (Minato Ward), Minowa (Arakawa Ward), Uguisudani (Arakawa Ward), Uenoshita (Taito Ward), Kiyosunadoori (Koto Ward), Toranomon (Chiyoda Ward), Sumitoshi Housing (Koto Ward), Otsuka Women's Housing (Bunkyo Ward), Higashicho (Koto Ward), and Edogawa (Shinjuku Ward) (completion order, present-day place names are in parentheses), with a total of approximately 2,800 housing units. Not only was it the first fully earthquake- and fire-resistant building in Japan, but it also had an advanced design with meeting rooms and courtyards, which had a major influence on Japanese apartment buildings that were built afterwards. After the Dojunkai was dissolved in 1941 (Showa 16), management of the buildings was taken over by the Housing Corporation, and then for a time after World War II, by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, after which they were sold off to the residents. However, only the Otsuka Women's Apartment, which was built for working women, remained under the management of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. As the buildings had deteriorated and some had been damaged during the war, redevelopment has been underway since the 1980s. There were movements to preserve and renovate the apartments because of their monumental value in architectural and cultural history, but the Aoyama, Edogawa, Kiyosuna-dori, and Otsuka Women's Apartments were demolished in 2003, the Minowa Apartments in 2009, and the last remaining Uenoshita Apartments were demolished in 2013. [Editorial Department] "The 18-Year History of the Dojunkai" edited by Kogoro Miyazawa (1993, Seishisha)" ▽ "The Dojunkai Apartments and Their Era" by Shigeru Sato et al. (1998, Kashima Publishing)" ▽ "Photo Collection of Dojunkai Apartments" (2000, Kenchiku Shiryo Kenkyusha) [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
関東大震災(1923)後に、財団法人同潤会が建設した、鉄筋コンクリート構造の集合住宅。同潤会は関東大震災の翌年、内務省が、義捐金(ぎえんきん)を元に設立したもので、被災者のための仮設住宅や木造住宅の建設を行った。 1926年(大正15)から34年(昭和9)にかけて、中之郷(墨田区)、代官山(だいかんやま)(渋谷区)、青山(渋谷区)、柳島(やなぎしま)(墨田区)、山下町(横浜市中区)、平沼町(横浜市神奈川区)、三田(みた)(港区)、三ノ輪(みのわ)(荒川区)、鶯谷(うぐいすだに)(荒川区)、上野下(台東区)、清砂通(きよすなどおり)(江東区)、虎ノ門(とらのもん)(千代田区)、住利(すみとし)共同住宅(江東区)、大塚女子(文京区)、東町(江東区)、江戸川(新宿区)の計16か所に建設されており(竣(しゅん)工順、( )内は現在の地名)、総住戸数は約2800戸。日本初の本格的な耐震耐火構造をもつだけでなく、集会室や中庭などを備えた先進的な設計が行われていて、その後建設された日本の集合住宅に大きな影響を与えた。1941年(昭和16)に同潤会が解散した後は住宅営団に、第二次世界大戦後の一時期東京都に管理が引きつがれた後、居住者に払い下げられた。ただし、働く女性のために建てられた大塚女子アパートだけは、東京都の管理下に残された。 建物が老朽化し、また戦争により被害を受けた建物もあったことから、1980年代以降再開発が進められた。建築史や生活文化史において記念碑的な価値をもつため、アパートの保存や再生を求める運動もあったが、2003年(平成15)には青山、江戸川、清砂通、大塚女子アパート、2009年には三ノ輪アパートが取り壊され、最後まで残っていた上野下アパートも2013年に解体された。 [編集部] 『宮沢小五郎編『同潤会十八年史』(1993・青史社)』▽『佐藤滋他著『同潤会のアパートメントとその時代』(1998・鹿島出版会)』▽『『同潤会アパートメント写真集』(2000・建築資料研究社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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