Integration - Tougou (English spelling) integration

Japanese: 統合 - とうごう(英語表記)integration
Integration - Tougou (English spelling) integration

Integration is a state in which there is a high degree of interaction between members of a society, who share common social norms and values, and who are loyal to a common authority. Integration is particularly important in the political world, because an important function of politics is to reconcile conflicting opinions and interests, encourage cooperation, bring people together as one society, and create stability and order in society. Political integration is generally classified into national integration or national integration, in which a single ethnic state is formed and maintained, and international integration or international integration, in which states are formed once. An example of the former is when an ethnic group becomes independent and establishes a nation, while the European Union (EU) is a typical example of the latter.

The process of the formation of a nation-state is diverse, but it can be seen as a process in which ethnic groups who share a common residential area, lifestyle, customs, historical experience, language, etc. become aware of the existence and value of the community, form a government as a power structure based on the ethnic community, and give loyalty to it. On the other hand, integration between nations or international integration is formed with the aim of (1) maintaining peace, (2) acquiring broad multipurpose capabilities, (3) achieving specific goals, and (4) acquiring a new image or role. It is said that such integration requires the following conditions: (1) there is mutual relationship between nations, (2) there is mutual responsiveness, (3) there are common values ​​and rewards, and (4) there is a common sense of unity and loyalty.

Political integration is said to have failed if the areas in which political values ​​are shared become fewer, if excessive coercion to enforce compliance with social norms and laws becomes necessary, or if separatist or independence movements emerge. Possible causes of failure include social change such as revolution, foreign coercion or intervention, failure to satisfy the demands of society members, and religious, ideological, or linguistic conflicts.

[Yoshifumi Tanito]

Chihiro Hosoya and Yoshikiyo Minami (eds.), Study of the European Community (EC): Analysis of Political Dynamics (1981, Shin-Yudo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

統合とは、社会の成員の間に高い相互作用があり、その成員が共通の社会規範や価値を抱き、共通の権威に対し忠誠を有している状態である。政治の世界では、統合がとりわけ重要な意味をもっている。対立する意見や利益を調整し、協力せしめて、一つの社会としてまとめ、社会に安定や秩序をつくりだすことは、政治の重要な機能であるからである。政治的統合は、一般に、一つの民族国家が形成され維持存続される国家統合ないし国民統合と、一度形成された国家どうしの国家間統合ないし国際統合とに分類される。民族が独立して国家を建設するのは前者の例であり、ヨーロッパ連合(EU)の例などは後者の代表例である。

 国民国家の形成過程は多様であるが、居住地域、生活様式、習慣、歴史的経験、言語などを共有している民族が、共同体の存在や価値を自覚し、民族共同体を基礎として、権力機構としての政府を形成し、それに忠誠を与えていく過程としてとらえられよう。他方、国家間統合ないし国際統合は、(1)平和の維持、(2)広範な多目的能力の獲得、(3)特定の目的の達成、(4)新たなイメージや役割の獲得、をねらいとして形成される。またその際には、(1)国家間に相互関係性があること、(2)相互反応性があること、(3)共通の価値と報酬がもたらされること、(4)共通の一体感や忠誠があること、などの条件が必要であるといわれる。

 政治的統合は、政治的価値を共有している領域が少なくなったり、社会規範や法を遵守させるための強制が過度に必要になったり、分離・独立運動が台頭した場合、失敗といわれる。失敗をもたらす原因としては、革命などの社会変動、外国からの威圧・介入、社会成員の要求充足の失敗、宗教・イデオロギー・言語上の対立などが考えられる。

[谷藤悦史]

『細谷千博・南義清編著『欧州共同体(EC)の研究――政治力学の分析』(1981・新有堂)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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