Law No. 85 of 1972. This law shows the common basic principles of laws related to the conservation of the natural environment and sets out concrete measures to preserve a good natural environment. In Japan, pollution and destruction of nature became serious due to urbanization and industrialization that accompanied the rapid economic growth after World War II. In particular, with the 1960 Income Doubling Plan, the 1962 New Industrial City Construction Promotion Law and the National Comprehensive Development Plan, regional development began in earnest, and pollution began to become a problem. Local governments began to enact pollution control ordinances and nature conservation ordinances one after another. Nagano Prefecture's Nature Conservation Ordinance, enacted in 1971, established various nature conservation districts and imposed strict regulations such as a permit system, which raised the question of whether such regulations were possible through ordinances, and calls for the enactment of laws grew. The Environment Agency, which was established in 1971, began considering the drafting of a Basic Law for Nature Conservation, but the initial bill met with strong resistance from other ministries and agencies that argued that development was necessary at the same time as protection. As a result, compromises were made, such as leaving the Natural Parks Act in place rather than absorbing it into the new law, ensuring that pristine natural environment conservation areas did not overlap with protected forests, and deleting the conservation of green space environments from the bill, and the law was ultimately enacted as the Nature Conservation Act. The Wilderness Act of the United States and the movement to establish a Nature Conservation Charter in Japan influenced the establishment of the Nature Conservation Act. The Wilderness Act of the United States was advocated for many years by Howard Zanicer of the Wilderness Society, and was the world's first epoch-making law that drew a standard line between development and protection, enacted in 1964. Japan's Nature Conservation Charter was proclaimed at the National Conference for Enactment in 1974 after going through the Enactment Promotion Council of nature conservation groups. The general provisions of the Nature Conservation Act serve as the basis for nature conservation-related laws such as the Natural Parks Act, Urban Green Space Act, Capital Region Suburban Green Space Conservation Act, and Seto Inland Sea Conservation Area Development Act, and show that the natural environment is indispensable to a healthy and cultural life of humans, and that, together with these laws, the Act shows the ideal that the people should widely enjoy the blessings of nature and pass them on to future generations. In order to protect nature, we must start by scientifically understanding the nature of the environment. The Nature Conservation Law stipulates that it is the responsibility of the state to conduct a basic survey of the nature conservation (national green census) approximately every five years. This survey has been carried out since 1973, and the results have been used to designate conservation areas and to make expansion, modification, and conservation plans, playing a major role in impressing the public with the concept of naturalness. In addition, the law also stipulates the designation and procedures for wilderness conservation areas and natural environment conservation areas at the national level, and natural environment conservation areas at the prefectural level, so that virgin nature and academically important and fragile nature that cannot be covered by national parks, which aim to protect outstanding natural scenery, can now be protected (→Conservation areas). The Basic Policy for Nature Conservation based on the Nature Conservation Law was announced in 1973 based on a Cabinet decision. (→Nature Conservation) Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
昭和47年法律85号。自然環境保全関係法令の共通する基本理念を示すとともに,良好な自然環境を保全するための具体策を定めた法律。日本では,第2次世界大戦後の高度経済成長に伴う都市化,工業化によって,公害や自然破壊が深刻化した。特に 1960年の所得倍増計画,1962年の新産業都市建設促進法と全国総合開発計画などによって,地域開発が本格化し,公害が問題化し始めると,各自治体が相次いで公害規制条例や自然保護条例を制定するようになった。1971年に制定された長野県の自然保護条例は各種の自然保護地区を設け,許可制などの厳しい規制を行なったため,そこまでの規制が条例で可能かが問題となり,法制定の必要性を求める声が高まった。同1971年発足した環境庁は自然保護基本法の立案の検討を始めたが,当初の法案は,保護と同時に開発も必要と主張する他省庁の強い抵抗にあった。そのため自然公園法を新法に吸収させずに存続させる,原生自然環境保全地域は保安林と重複させない,緑地環境の保全の法案からの削除などの妥協がはかられ,最終的に自然環境保全法として制定された。 自然環境保全法の制定に影響を与えたのは,アメリカ合衆国の原始地域法 Wilderness actと日本での自然保護憲章制定の運動などである。アメリカの原始地域法は,ウィルダネス協会のハワード・ザニサーが長年呼びかけてきたもので,開発か保護かについて標準的な線が引かれた世界初の画期的な法律で 1964年に成立した。日本の自然保護憲章は自然保護団体による制定促進協議会を経て,1974年に制定国民会議で宣言された。自然環境保全法の総則は,自然公園法,都市緑地法,首都圏近郊緑地保全法,瀬戸内海の保全区域の整備法などの自然保護関連法の基本法としての性格をもち,自然環境が人間の健康で文化的な生活に欠くことのできないもので,これら法令と相まって,広く国民が自然の恵沢を享受し,将来へ継承することを理念として示している。 自然を保護するためには,自然の実態を科学的に把握することから始めなければならないが,自然環境保全法では自然環境保全基礎調査(緑の国勢調査)をおおむね 5年ごとに行なうことが,国の責務として定められている。この調査は 1973年から実施され,その結果に基づいて保全地区の指定や拡張・変更・保全計画などが行なわれており,自然度という概念を国民に印象づけたという意味で大きな役割を果たした。また,全国レベルでの原生環境保全地域および自然環境保全地域,都道府県レベルでの自然環境保全地域の指定とその手続きも定められており,優れた自然景観の保護を目的とした国立公園ではカバーできない,原生の自然や学術上重要で壊れやすい自然が保護されるようになった(→保全地域)。自然環境保全法に基づく自然環境保全基本方針は,1973年に閣議決定に基づいて告示された。(→自然保護) 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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