Dongyuan - Tougen

Years of birth and death unknown. Painter of the Five Dynasties (Southern Tang). Also written as Dong Yuan. Along with Ju Ran, he is one of the leading landscape painters of the Southern Tang and early Northern Song dynasties. Born in Zhongling (Jiangxi Province). His pen name was Shuda. He served Li Jing (reigned 943-961) of the Southern Tang dynasty, and became a deputy envoy to the Back Garden (perhaps the deputy minister of the Back Garden Construction Office). Since Back Garden was also called the North Garden, he is also called Dong Beiyuan. In "Records of Paintings and Observations," it is said that "his ink-wash works are similar to those of Wang Wei, and his coloring works are like those of Li Simkun," and it seems that Dong Yuan's landscape paintings were of two types: ink-wash and coloring. In addition, in "Dream Creek Essays," it is said that "he has depicted the true mountains of Jiangnan, without any strange cliffs," and that "his brushwork is extremely simple," and Dong Yuan is considered to have been the first to paint landscapes suited to the humid climate of Jiangnan. His style was passed down to his disciple Ju Ran, and was passed down in small ways as a local style in Jiangnan. However, Mi Fu, a literati painter at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, praised Dong Yuan and Ju Ran highly, and by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the four great masters (Wu Zhen, Huang Gongwang, Ni Zan, and Wang Meng) had studied his style, and Dong Yuan and Ju Ran became the founders of the Southern School of painting. Well-known works that convey his style include "Cold Forest and Heavy Pedestrians" (Kurokawa Institute of Ancient Culture, Hyogo) and "Xiaoxiang Scroll" (Forbidden Palace Museum, Beijing).

[Shinya Hoshiyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

生没年不詳。中国、五代（南唐）の画家。董元とも書く。巨然(きょねん)とともに南唐・北宋(ほくそう)初期を代表する山水画家である。鍾陵(しょうりょう)（江西省）の人。字(あざな)は叔達(しゅくたつ)。南唐の李璟(りえい)（在位943～961）に仕えて後苑(こうえん)副使（後苑造作所の次官か）となり、後苑は北苑ともいったので董北苑ともよばれる。『図画見聞志(とがけんもんし)』に「水墨は王維(おうい)に類し、着色は李思訓(りしくん)の如(ごと)し」と伝え、董源の描いた山水には水墨と着色の2種類があったらしい。また『夢渓筆談』には「江南の真山を写し、奇峭(きしょう)（厳しくそびえるさま）の筆をなさず」「その用筆甚だ草々」といわれ、湿潤な江南の風土に即した山水画が初めて董源によって描かれたと考えられている。その画風は弟子巨然に受け継がれて以降は、江南の地方様式として細々と継承されたらしいが、北宋末の文人画家の米芾(べいふつ)が董源・巨然を絶賛し、それは元末に至り四大家（呉鎮、黄公望、倪瓚(げいさん)、王蒙(おうもう)）の学ぶところとなって、董源は巨然とともに南宗画風の祖となった。その作風を伝える伝称作品として『寒林重汀(じゅうてい)図』（兵庫・黒川古文化研究所）、『瀟湘(しょうしょう)図巻』（北京(ペキン)故宮博物院）などが知られる。

［星山晋也］

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