Dong Qichang

He was a Chinese Ming dynasty official and a representative literati painter and calligrapher of the latter half of the Ming dynasty. He was from Huating (Songjiang County, Jiangsu Province). His pen name was Xuan Zai. His pen names included Sibai, Xiang Guang, and Sioung. He was posthumously named Wen Min. He was a Jinshi in 1589 (17th year of the Wanli era). He was repeatedly appointed to government posts and retired, but he rose to the position of Minister of Rites in Nanjing. He was called the foremost painter and calligrapher of his time, but he also had a major influence as a theoretical leader. He expounded on the theory of the two schools of Chinese painting, the Southern School and the Northern School, and developed the theory of the Southern School being the most important school of painting, which praised the Southern School and disparaged the Northern School. This had a major impact on Southern School painting from the end of the Ming dynasty to the beginning of the Qing dynasty. He formed a school of calligraphers led by Mi Fu, and was called Xing Zhang Mi Dong, and was known together with his contemporaries Xing Dong, Zhang Ruitu, and Mi Wanzhong. He left behind many works, including the calligraphy "Running and Cursive Scroll" (Tokyo National Museum) and the painting "Bankoku Preface Calligraphy and Painting Combined Wall Scroll" (Osaka Municipal Museum of Art). His books include "Essays on the Painting and Zen Room" and "Yongdai Collection."

[Shinya Hoshiyama]

"Calligraphy Art 8: Dong Qichang and Others" edited by Nakata Yujiro (1972, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" "Literary Paintings 5: Dong Qichang and Others" by Chin Shunshin and others (1978, Chuokoron-Shinsha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、明(みん)代の官僚で、明代後半を代表する文人画家、書家。華亭（江蘇(こうそ)省松江県）の人。字(あざな)は玄宰(げんさい)。号は思白(しはく)、香光、思翁など。文敏と諡(おくりな)される。1589年（万暦17）の進士。就官と退隠を繰り返したが、官位は南京(ナンキン)礼部尚書にまで昇った。彼は当時第一の画家・書家と称されたが、理論的な指導者としての存在も大きく、中国画を南宗(なんしゅう)画と北宗画に分ける南北二宗論を説き、南宗画を尚(とうと)び北宗画を貶(けな)す「尚南貶北(しょうなんへんぼく)論」を展開し、明末清(しん)初以降の南宗画に大きな影響を与えた。書は米芾(べいふつ)を宗として一家をなし、邢張米董(けいちょうべいとう)とよばれ、同時代の邢侗(けいどう)、張瑞図(ちょうずいと)、米万鍾(べいばんしょう)と併称された。書の『行草書巻』（東京国立博物館）、画の『盤谷(ばんこく)序書画合壁巻』（大阪市立美術館）などをはじめ多くの作品を残す。著書に『画禅室随筆』『容台集』などがある。

［星山晋也］

『中田勇次郎編『書道芸術8　董其昌他』（1972・中央公論社）』▽『陳舜臣他著『文人畫粹編5　董其昌他』（1978・中央公論社）』

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