A cooking appliance that uses the properties of microwaves to heat food. It was first commercialized by Raytheon in the United States in 1955, and the first domestically manufactured microwave oven was manufactured in Japan by Tokyo Shibaura Electric (now Toshiba) in 1986. Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic wave that can pass through glass and paper and be reflected by metals, but are easily absorbed by food and water. The absorbed electromagnetic energy is converted into heat, causing the material to heat up. The radio waves used in microwave ovens are generated by a magnetron at a high frequency of 2450 megahertz, an internationally assigned frequency. A magnetron is a vacuum tube for ultra-high frequencies that was previously used for radar and communications, and is highly efficient in that it can convert more than 60% of the applied high-voltage direct current power into microwave power. The microwaves generated by the magnetron are designed to hit the food as evenly as possible, and to prevent uneven heating, metal stirring blades are installed or the food is placed on the oven and rotated during heating. Generally, food absorbs a lot of microwaves and converts them into heat inside, but what contributes to this phenomenon is the water contained in food, which is 60-96%. Some microwave ovens can adjust their output depending on the item being heated, and low output is used for defrosting eggs and raw foods. The cooking method that humans have devised and implemented is to apply heat from the outside of food and cook it through thermal conduction to the inside. However, because food generally has low thermal conductivity, if you try to cook it by heating it to the center in a short time, the temperature gradient between the surface and the center becomes large. As a result, the surface becomes overheated and the tissue is destroyed, resulting in burning and loss of nutrients. In contrast, when cooking with microwaves, if the food is heated in a container made of glass, ceramic, or plastic that transmits radio waves easily, the food itself is heated from the inside, so depending on the food, it can be more efficient than other heating methods, shorten the cooking time, and increase the vitamin retention rate. Other methods that take advantage of the characteristics of microwave ovens include heating food while it is wrapped in a container or sheet made of a material that transmits radio waves easily, defrosting frozen foods, warming food, and taking advantage of the sterilization effect. [Choji Keino] [Reference item] |©Takashi Aoki Structure of a microwave oven Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
マイクロ波の性質を利用して食品を加熱する調理器具。1955年アメリカのレイセオン社で初めて商品化され、日本では61年(昭和36)東京芝浦電気(現東芝)で国産1号機がつくられた。マイクロ波は電磁波の一種で、ガラス、紙などを透過し、金属によって反射されるが、食品、水などには吸収されやすい性質をもっている。吸収された電磁波エネルギーは熱に変わり、その物質を発熱させる。電子レンジで使われている電波は、国際的に割り当てられた2450メガヘルツという高い周波数で、マグネトロンで発生させる。マグネトロンは従来レーダーや通信に用いられていた超高周波用の真空管で、加えられた高圧直流電力の60%以上をマイクロ波電力に変換できて効率が高い。マグネトロンで発生させたマイクロ波は、食品にできるだけ均一に当て、加熱むらが生じないように金属製の攪拌(かくはん)翼を設けるか、食品をのせ加熱中回転させるようにくふうされている。一般に食品はマイクロ波の吸収が多く、内部で熱に変換されるが、この現象に寄与しているのは、食品の中に60~96%含まれている水である。電子レンジは、加熱品目に応じてその出力を可変できるものがあり、弱い出力は卵料理やなま物の解凍に使われている。 人間が考え、行ってきた調理法は、食品の外部から熱を加え、熱伝導によって内部まで加熱調理する方法であった。ところが食品は一般に熱伝導が低いために、短時間で中心まで急速に加熱して調理しようとすれば、表面と中心との温度勾配(こうばい)が大きくなる。そのため、表面は過熱して組織が破壊し、焦げなどを生じて栄養分が失われる結果となる。これに反し、マイクロ波による加熱調理は、ガラス、陶磁器、プラスチックなどの電波を通しやすい容器を使って加熱すると、食品自体が内部から加熱するので、調理品目によってはほかの加熱方法より効率が高く、調理時間が短縮され、ビタミンの残存率も高くなる。また電波を通しやすい材料の容器やシートで包んだまま加熱する方法、冷凍食品の解凍、温め加熱、殺菌効果の利用なども、電子レンジの特徴を生かした利用方法といえる。 [慶野長治] [参照項目] |©青木 隆"> 電子レンジの構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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