Electron affinity

Japanese: 電子親和力 - デンシシンワリョク
Electron affinity

The energy released when an electron binds to a neutral atom, molecule, or radical in an isolated system. It is equal to the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a negative ion. This value indicates the degree of tendency of atoms, molecules, and radicals to become negative ions, and their stability when they become negative ions, and is the most important physical quantity related to negative ions. The ground state of a negative ion of a molecule with a positive electron affinity is stable in an isolated system, but if it is negative, the negative ion of that molecule is not stable. It is usually expressed as the energy difference between the ground states of neutral particles and negative ions, but there are many examples, such as He, where the ground state electron affinity is negative and the excited state (2 3 S) has a positive electron affinity of 0.08 eV. The electron affinity of each substance has been measured since the 1930s using a variety of methods, as shown below, but with some exceptions, reliable values ​​could not be obtained until recently.
(1) A method for extrapolating the tendency of ionization voltages of elements in the isoelectronic series (atoms only),
(2) Quantum mechanical calculations,
(3) Calculation from crystal lattice energy,
(4) Method to calculate from chemical equilibrium of solution reaction,
(5) A method for determining the rate of electrochemical reactions using the kinetics of the electrode reaction.
(6) Spectroscopic determination from charge transfer spectrum,
(7) A method for determining the magnitude of electron affinity from charge transfer reactions in the gas phase,
(8) Surface ionization method (magnetron method),
(9) A method of calculating from the lifetime and electron capture rate of a negative ion of a molecule undergoing non-dissociative resonance electron capture.
(10) A method in which the negative ion current is calculated from the temperature dependence of the electron capture detector in gas chromatography using some modifications.
(11) A method of determining the appearance voltage of negative ions produced by dissociative resonance electron capture or ion pair formation using electron impact.
(12) A method in which light is irradiated onto negative ions and the electron detachment threshold is determined.
Of the above, the last method, photoelectron detachment, has been measured by LM Branscomb since 1957 and is the most reliable. Currently, more and more reliable values ​​are being reported, such as photoelectron spectroscopy, in which a negative ion beam is irradiated with laser light and the energy of the detached electrons is measured, and also the reduction in negative ions is measured by irradiating the resonating part of an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer with monochromatic light and then calculated from the threshold. Relatively reliable values ​​(eV) for electron affinity include O 1.465, Cl 3.7, Br 3.5, and I 3.2.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

中性原子,分子,遊離基などに孤立系で1個の電子が結合する際に放出されるエネルギー.負イオンから1個の電子を除くのに要する最小エネルギーに等しい.この値は,原子,分子,遊離基などが負イオンになる傾向の大小,負イオンになったときの安定度を示すもので,負イオンに関するもっとも重要な物理量である.電子親和力が正である分子の負イオンの基底状態は,孤立系で安定であり,負であればその分子の負イオンは安定に存在しない.通常,中性粒子および負イオンそれぞれの基底状態間のエネルギー差で表すが,Heのように基底状態の電子親和力が負であり,励起状態(23S)は0.08 eV の正の電子親和力をもつという例も少なくない.電子親和力の各物質についての値は,1930年代から以下に示す多様な方法で測定されてきたが,一部を除いて最近まで信頼される値は得られなかった.
(1)等電子構造系列元素のイオン化電圧の傾向を外挿する方法(原子についてのみ),
(2)量子力学的計算,
(3)結晶格子エネルギーからの算出,
(4)溶液反応の化学平衡から求める方法,
(5)電極反応の速度論的取り扱いから求める方法,
(6)電荷移動スペクトルから分光学的に求める方法,
(7)気相における電荷移動反応から電子親和力の大小を決定する方法,
(8)表面電離法(マグネトロン法),
(9)非解離共鳴電子捕獲する分子の負イオンの寿命と電子捕獲速度から算出する方法,
(10)ガスクロマトグラフィーの電子捕獲検出器を若干改良し,負イオン電流の温度依存性から求める方法,
(11)電子衝撃法により解離共鳴電子捕獲やイオン対生成で生成する負イオンの出現電圧から求める方法,
(12)負イオンに光を照射し,光電子脱離のしきい値から求める方法.
以上のうち,最後の光電子脱離はL.M. Branscombが1957年から測定している方法で,もっとも信頼されている.現在はレーザー光を負イオン線に照射し,脱離電子のエネルギーを測定する光電子スペクトル法,またイオンサイクロトロン共鳴質量分析計の共鳴部に単色光を照射して負イオンの減少を測定し,そのしきい値から求めるなど,しだいに信頼できる値が報告されるようになった.電子親和力の比較的信頼できる値(eV)としてはO 1.465,Cl 3.7,Br 3.5,およびI 3.2などがある.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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