Electron spin resonance

Japanese: 電子スピン共鳴 - でんしすぴんきょうめい
Electron spin resonance

This refers to magnetic resonance due to electron spin. It was first demonstrated in 1945 by Evgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky (1907-1976) of the Soviet Union. Magnetic resonance occurs when an electron with spin s (magnetic moment μ) is placed in a magnetic field H and an electromagnetic wave with a frequency ν that satisfies the following condition is applied:

ν=(μ/ sh ) H ( h is Planck's constant)
In a magnetic field of 10,000 gauss, ν is 28 gigahertz, or a microwave with a wavelength of 1.07 centimeters, but since 1980, magnetic fields of 100,000 gauss or more have been used, so it extends to far-infrared light. In solids, the absorption of electromagnetic waves due to resonance in a system that is in thermal equilibrium is observed electronically. The electron spins present in materials include magnetic ions and free radicals in molecules, but both are often greatly affected by the surrounding crystalline electric field. In addition, in magnetic compounds such as paramagnetic crystals, the interaction between magnetic ions is also large. Therefore, the state of magnetic resonance becomes complex, but the behavior of magnetic ions is clarified from the analysis, which is of great help in elucidating the magnetism of crystals and the like. Furthermore, paramagnetic materials transition to ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, etc. below a certain temperature determined by the strength of the interaction, and magnetic resonance is also being studied in these cases. It is also widely used in chemical and biological research.

[Junkichi Ito]

"New Physics Series 20: Electron Spin Resonance" by Muneyuki Date (1978, Baifukan Publishing) " "Electron Spin Resonance - Micro Characterization of Materials" by Hiroaki Oya and Jun Yamauchi (1989, Kodansha) " "ESR Microscopy - New Developments in Measurement Using Electron Spin Resonance" by Mototsugu Ikeya and Toshikatsu Miki (1992, Springer-Verlag Tokyo)"

[Reference] | Nuclear magnetic resonance | Magnetic resonance

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電子スピンによる磁気共鳴のこと。1945年にソ連のザボイスキーEvgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky(1907―1976)によって初めて行われた。スピンsの電子(磁気モーメントμ)を磁界Hの中に置いて次の条件を満たす周波数νの電磁波を加えると磁気共鳴がおこる。

  ν=(μ/sh)H (hはプランク定数)
 νは1万ガウスの磁界中では28ギガヘルツ、すなわち波長1.07センチメートルのマイクロ波となるが、1980年以降は10万ガウス以上の磁界も用いられるので遠赤外光まで及んでいる。固体などでは熱平衡になっている系の共鳴による電磁波の吸収をエレクトロニクス的に観測する方法がとられる。物質中に存在する電子スピンとしては、磁性イオンや分子の自由基に類するものなどがあるが、いずれも周囲の結晶電界の影響を大きく受けることが多い。また、常磁性結晶のような磁性化合物においては、それに加えて磁性イオン間の相互作用が大きい。したがって、磁気共鳴の様相は複雑になるが、その解析から磁性イオンのふるまいが明らかにされ、結晶などの磁性そのものの解明に大いに役だっている。さらに常磁性物質は、相互作用の大きさで決まる一定温度以下で、強磁性、反強磁性などに転移するが、それらについても磁気共鳴の研究が行われている。また、化学、生物学的研究にも広く利用されている。

[伊藤順吉]

『伊達宗行著『新物理学シリーズ20 電子スピン共鳴』(1978・培風館)』『大矢博昭・山内淳著『電子スピン共鳴――素材のミクロキャラクタリゼーション』(1989・講談社)』『池谷元伺・三木俊克著『ESR顕微鏡――電子スピン共鳴応用計測の新たな展開』(1992・シュプリンガー・フェアラーク東京)』

[参照項目] | 核磁気共鳴 | 磁気共鳴

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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