Demonstration effect

Japanese: デモンストレーション効果 - でもんすとれーしょんこうか(英語表記)demonstration effect
Demonstration effect

In the utility function used in economics, it has been thought that the consumption of each individual is completely independent of other people and is determined based on each individual's subjective judgment. However, as is clear from our daily actions, when deciding on consumption, it is greatly influenced not only by income but also by the social environment surrounding us. For example, if you live among people with low incomes, your consumption level tends to be low, and if you live among people with high incomes, your consumption level tends to be high. J.S. Duesenberry called this the demonstration effect, and pointed out that people's consumption levels are interdependent.

In the short term, the consumption function is C=aY+b (where C is consumption, Y is disposable income, and a and b are constants), but in the long term, it is said to be C=cY (c is a constant). In order to provide a unified explanation for this difference in short-term and long-term consumption behavior, theories such as the relative income hypothesis, permanent income hypothesis, and liquid assets hypothesis were developed. Duesenberry takes the position of the relative income hypothesis, arguing that consumption levels are determined by current income levels, highest past income levels, and demonstration effects, and therefore consumption behavior differs between the short and long term.

Another example of interdependence in consumption is the Veblen effect, which occurs when people buy things like jewelry or fur coats to show off their high standard of living, and is known as "conspicuous consumption."

[Koichi Hatanaka]

[References] | Relative income hypothesis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

経済学で使用される効用関数においては、個々人の消費は、他の人々からまったく独立であって、個々人の主観的判断に基づいて決定されると考えられてきた。しかし、われわれの日常的な行為からも明らかなように、消費を決定する際には、所得ばかりではなく、われわれを取り巻く社会環境によっても大きく影響される。たとえば、低所得の人々の間で生活すれば消費は小さくなる傾向があり、高所得の人々の間で生活すれば消費水準は高くなる傾向がある。これをJ・S・デューゼンベリーはデモンストレーション効果とよび、人々の消費水準は相互依存関係にあることを指摘した。

 消費関数は、短期的にみるとC=aY+b(ここでCは消費、Yは可処分所得、a、bは定数を示す)となるが、長期的にみればC=cY(cは定数)となるといわれる。この短期と長期の消費行動の差異を統一的に説明するために、相対所得仮説、恒常所得仮説、流動資産仮説などの理論が生まれた。デューゼンベリーは相対所得仮説の立場にたち、消費水準は現在の所得水準と過去の最高所得水準およびデモンストレーション効果などにより決定されるので、消費行動は短期と長期では異なると主張する。

 なお、消費の相互依存関係を示すものとしては、このほかにベブレン効果とよばれるものがある。これは、人々が生活程度の高さを誇示することを意図して、たとえば宝石や毛皮のコートなどを購入する場合であって、「衒示(げんじ)的消費」といわれる。

[畑中康一]

[参照項目] | 相対所得仮説

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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