Deflation - Deflation (English spelling)

Japanese: デフレーション - でふれーしょん(英語表記)deflation
Deflation - Deflation (English spelling)

The term was traditionally used to refer to a period of sustained decline in general price levels in response to inflation, but today it is often used to mean a period of declining real output, unemployment, or increased idle capacity, regardless of whether it is related to inflation.

The reason that both deflation and inflation are problematic is because they have an income redistribution effect and affect the real income and employment level of society as a whole. For example, in times of deflation, fixed income earners and creditors are in a better position than earned income earners and debtors, while the opposite is true in times of inflation. Also, in times of deflation, resources are idle, employment levels decrease, and social income also decreases, but conversely, in times of inflation, resource utilization is high and income levels will be high.

Deflation is directly caused by the stagnation or decline of corporate investment activities and government fiscal spending. Investment activities are influenced by entrepreneurs' optimism or pessimism about the future, and are also affected by interest rates. The latter is particularly a direct and indirect control target for policy authorities (such as the Bank of Japan), and this is where the importance of monetary policy, alongside fiscal policy, comes into play.

[Yuichiro Otsuka]

[References] | Inflation | Monetary policy | Deflationary spiral

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インフレーションに対応した用語であって、一般的価格水準が持続的に低落している時期をさす、とするのが古典的な意味であるが、今日ではインフレーションとの対応にはかかわりなく、実質産出高が低下したり、失業、遊休設備が増加している時期、という意味で用いられることも多い。

 デフレーションにしろインフレーションにしろ、それが問題とされるのは、それが所得再分配効果をもち、また、社会全体の実質所得や雇用水準に影響を及ぼすからである。たとえば、デフレーションの時期には、定額所得者や債権者のほうが勤労所得者や債務者よりも有利であり、インフレーションの時期には逆のことがいえよう。また、デフレ期には、資源に遊休が生じ、雇用量は減少し、社会の所得も減少してしまうが、逆にインフレ期には、資源の利用度は高く、所得水準も高くなろう。

 デフレーションは、直接的には企業の投資活動や政府の財政支出などの停滞・減少によっておこる。投資活動は、企業家の将来に対する楽観や悲観によって左右され、また、金利によって影響を受ける。後者はとりわけ政策当局(たとえば日本銀行)の直接・間接のコントロール目標となるものであり、ここに財政政策と並ぶ金融政策の重要性がある。

[大塚勇一郎]

[参照項目] | インフレーション | 金融政策 | デフレスパイラル

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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