Diwan - Diwan (English spelling)

Japanese: ディーワーン - でぃーわーん(英語表記)dīwān
Diwan - Diwan (English spelling)

It is an Arabic word that means an office or bureau in the administrative organization of the Islamic Empire. Originally, it referred to the beneficiary register created by Caliph Umar I in 640 to pay salaries to influential members of the Islamic community and Arab warriors, but it eventually came to mean the office that handled such affairs. During the Umayyad dynasty, the central government's duties increased, and a tax office in charge of collecting taxes, an archives office in charge of preparing documents for the caliph, a seal office in charge of sealing documents, and a military affairs office in charge of registering warriors and paying salaries were established. During the Abbasid dynasty, centralization progressed and the bureaucracy expanded, and the number of diwans increased, which were also abolished or revised as appropriate. During the third caliph, Mahdi, an audit office was established to supervise the work of each diwan, and a Supreme Audit Office was also established to oversee these auditing offices. This auditing agency took on the role of an auditing board when the national budget system was established at the end of the 9th century.

[Kimi Morimoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イスラム帝国の行政機関で、庁、局などを意味するアラビア語。もとは640年、カリフのウマル1世がイスラム教団の有力者やアラブ戦士たちに対し俸給を支給するために作成した受給者登録簿のことをさしたが、やがてそうした事務を取り扱う役所をも意味するようになった。ウマイヤ朝になると中央政府の業務も増え、租税徴収を担当する税務庁、カリフの文書を作成する文書庁、文書の封緘(ふうかん)を行う印璽(いんじ)庁、戦士の登録と俸給の支給事務を担当する軍務庁などが設けられた。アッバース朝では中央集権化が進んで官僚機構が膨張し、ディーワーンの数も増え、それも状況に応じて適宜改廃された。また第3代カリフのマフディーのとき、各ディーワーンの業務を監督する監査庁がそれぞれに対応して設けられ、しかも、これら監査系諸官庁を統括する最高監査庁も設置された。この監査庁は、9世紀末に国家の予算制度が確立すると、会計検査院の役割を果たした。

[森本公誠]

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