Commencement of war

Japanese: 開戦 - かいせん(英語表記)commencement of war
Commencement of war

It refers to the start of a war. Under international law, a war is started by a unilateral declaration of intent by a nation. Such a declaration of intent can be either explicit or implicit. However, the "Convention on the Initiation of War" signed at the Hague Peace Conference in 1907 (Japan joined in 1912) stipulated that a war cannot be started without explicit and prior notice in the form of a declaration of war with reasons or an ultimatum including a conditional declaration of war. This treaty sought to prevent surprise attacks by requiring an explicit prior declaration of intent to start war. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 is said to have constituted a violation of this treaty. However, since this treaty does not limit the time interval between the declaration of intent to start war and the actual start of war, it was almost impossible to expect this treaty to prevent surprise attacks from the beginning. In recent years, the illegality of war of aggression has been generally established, so legal restrictions on the method of starting a war have lost their meaning. This is because it is logically impossible to determine the manner in which an illegal act of aggression, or aggressive war, should be initiated.

[Yasuo Ishimoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

戦争の開始をいう。国際法上、戦争は国家の一方的な意思表示で開始される。このような意思の表示には、明示的な表示と黙示的な表示とがある。もっとも、1907年にハーグ平和会議で署名された「開戦に関する条約」(日本は1912年に加入)は、理由を付した開戦宣言の形式または条件付開戦宣言を含む最後通牒(つうちょう)の形式をもつ明示的かつ事前の通告なくして戦争を開始できないことを規定した。この条約は、事前の明示的な開戦の意思表示を要求することによって、奇襲攻撃を防止しようとするものであった。41年の日本の真珠湾攻撃は、この条約の違反を構成するといわれている。もっともこの条約は、開戦の意思表示と実際の開戦の間の時間的間隔を制限していないから、奇襲攻撃防止の機能をこの条約に期待することは、当初からほとんどできなかった。最近では侵略戦争の違法性が一般に確立しているから、戦争開始の方式に関する法規制は意味を失っている。違法行為である侵略=攻撃戦争について、その開始の方式を定めることは論理的に不可能だからである。

[石本泰雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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