…Originally, Ars Nova was the title of a book on music theory (c. 1320) by the composer and theorist Philippe de Vitry, which explained the highly complex polyphonic techniques of the New Art as opposed to the 13th-century French style of Ars Antica (Old Art) by perfecting advanced notation. Works using such techniques are characterized by particularly complex rhythms and theoretical structures, and he invented the technique of isorhythm, which is composed by repeating certain rhythmic patterns. A representative composer was Machaut, who left behind masses, motets, chansons, etc. … From [Absolute Music]...There are cases where a piece that is normally considered absolute music is interpreted as having a hidden title, or where a piece of program music is heard as absolute music. The opportunity for purely musical composition in music can be seen in one concentrated form in the unified composition of the motets composed by Machaut in the 14th century, which use the technique of isorhythm, which repeats the same rhythmic pattern. Although it is a vocal piece, it is "absolutely musical" in the same way as the abstract compositional aspects of Beethoven's sonatas. From [Motet]...After about 1240, the name "motet" came to be used to refer to the music of that style, and the number of additional voices increased to two or occasionally three. A form of sacred-secular fusion appeared, in which secular songs with French texts and in the vein of troubadours were placed on a fixed melody that was an expansion of the Gregorian chant. In the 14th century, a highly technical style appeared in which a rhythmic pattern of a certain length called isorhythm (or isorhythm) was applied to one or all voices regardless of pitch as a rhythmic phrase (Machaut). In contrast, the Renaissance motet from about 1450 onwards returned to a religious character, and with the perfection of the techniques of classical choral polyphony, it alternated between imitation and homophonic writing in moderation, producing many masterpieces with expressive and beautiful sounds that are still loved to this day. ... *Some terminology explanations that mention "isorhythm" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…元来〈アルス・ノバ〉は作曲家兼理論家フィリップ・ド・ビトリーの音楽理論書(1320ころ)の題名で,高度な記譜法を完成することによって,13世紀フランスの音楽様式であるアルス・アンティカ(〈古い芸術〉)に対する〈新芸術〉のきわめて複雑なポリフォニー技法を説明したものである。そのような技法による作品は,特に複雑なリズムと理論的構造を特徴とし,一定のリズム型を反復することによって構成するイソリズムisorhythmの手法を編み出した。代表的作曲家にマショーがおり,ミサ曲,モテット,シャンソンなどを残した。… 【絶対音楽】より…通常絶対音楽とされる曲が標題が隠されているものと解釈されたり,標題音楽であっても絶対音楽的に聴かれる場合がある。 音楽における純音楽的構成という契機は,14世紀のマショーが作曲した,同一リズム型を反復するアイソリズムisorhythmの手法によるモテットの統一的構成に,その一つの集中的なあらわれが見いだされる。それは声楽曲でありながら,ベートーベンのソナタのもつ抽象的構成の側面と同様〈絶対音楽的〉である。… 【モテット】より…やがて1240年ころからモテトゥスの名は,その種の作風をもつ楽曲自体の呼称となり,付加声部の数も2声部,まれには3声部にまで増大し,グレゴリオ聖歌の部分を拡大した定旋律の上に,フランス語のテキストをもち,トルベール歌曲の流れを引く世俗歌曲が置かれるという聖俗混交の形も現れた。さらに14世紀には,イソリズムisorhythm(またはアイソリズム)と呼ばれる一定の長さのリズム型を,いわばリズム的フレーズとして,音高にかかわりなく1ないし全声部に適用した高度に技巧的な作風が現れた(マショー)。 これに対して,およそ1450年以降のルネサンス様式のモテットは,再び宗教的な性格に復帰するとともに,古典的な合唱ポリフォニーの技法の完成に伴って模倣法とホモフォニックな書法を適度に交替させ,表情豊かな美しい響きで,今日まで愛唱される多数の名曲を生み出した。… ※「isorhythm」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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