What kind of disease is it? Main symptoms and history Hypotension is an area that has been researched less than hypertension. This is because, except for hypotension induced by diseases such as severe infections or severe adrenal dysfunction, it is unlikely to be life-threatening in either the short or long term. Since blood pressure varies from person to person, there is no set definition for low blood pressure, but it generally refers to a systolic blood pressure of 90mmHg or less. Treatment is indicated when there are any of the life-threatening diseases mentioned above, or when there are symptoms such as dizziness or lightheadedness. There are various types of hypotension, including symptomatic (secondary) hypotension caused by other diseases, essential hypotension with an unclear cause, orthostatic hypotension, in which blood pressure drops suddenly when standing up, causing nausea and dizziness, and postprandial hypotension, in which blood pressure drops suddenly after eating. Some people with low blood pressure complain of insomnia, anxiety, tension, and other symptoms, such as difficulty getting up in the morning and feeling unwell throughout the morning. However, these symptoms are not always seen with low blood pressure, and symptoms vary from person to person. Also, blood pressure values and symptoms may not necessarily be related, and seasonal fluctuations can occur. ● Causes of disease and how symptoms develop Low blood pressure, which is a complication of serious illness, occurs when the amount of blood circulating through the body decreases, causing a decrease in blood flow to the organs. Healthy people who simply have low blood pressure are accustomed to the situation, and it is not uncommon for this to not cause any major health problems. Orthostatic hypotension and postprandial hypotension are thought to occur due to poor autonomic nervous function and poor blood pressure regulation. EBM checks on common treatments and care [Treatment and care] Know the causes of low blood pressure [Evaluation] ☆☆ [Points to consider in evaluation] Knowing the cause of low blood pressure is very important when deciding whether to treat it. If it is the result of a severe infection or bleeding, treatment should be started immediately. Orthostatic hypotension may be caused by Parkinson's disease, diabetes, medications, etc. [Treatment and care] Improve lifestyle habits [Rating] ☆☆☆ [Evaluation Points] Attempts have been made to improve orthostatic hypotension by improving lifestyle habits, such as rising slowly, drinking fluids frequently, sleeping with the head slightly elevated, and wearing compression stockings. However, the effectiveness of these measures has only been shown in small-scale clinical studies, and no large-scale clinical studies have yet been conducted. (1)(2) [Treatment and care] Exercise [Rating] ☆☆☆ [Evaluation Points] Clinical studies have shown that regular exercise improves autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which is the cause of orthostatic hypotension. (3) [Treatment and care] Adjust diet [Evaluation] ☆☆ [Evaluation points] Although there are no clinical studies showing effectiveness, it is believed that methods such as eating smaller meals and minimizing alcohol intake can improve postprandial hypotension. [Treatment and care] Use of hypertensive drugs and corticosteroids [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆ [Evaluation points] If symptoms do not improve sufficiently with treatments other than drug therapy, drug therapy such as vasopressors and corticosteroids that increase blood pressure may be considered. (4)-(6) Checking commonly used drugs with EBM Hypertensive drug [drug name] Metoligin (Midodrine hydrochloride) (4) [Rating] ☆☆☆☆☆ [Evaluation points] It has been confirmed through highly reliable clinical studies that it improves symptoms. Corticosteroids [Drug name] Florinef (fludrocortisone acetate) (5)(6) [Rating] ☆☆☆ [Evaluation points] Clinical studies have shown that it has the effect of increasing blood pressure by retaining fluid in the body. Fludrocortisone acetate is a synthetic mineralocorticoid, but caution is required as it frequently causes side effects such as edema and heart failure. [Drug name] Erythropoietin (7) [Rating] ☆☆☆ [Evaluation points] There are reports that it has been used effectively to treat orthostatic hypotension accompanied by anemia. Overall, it is currently the most reliable treatment method . First, find the cause of low blood pressure. Low blood pressure can also be caused by illness or taking medication. Therefore, when diagnosing low blood pressure, it is necessary to carefully investigate the cause to see if there is any hidden disease such as infection, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart disease, or adrenal insufficiency, or if it has been caused by antihypertensive drugs or diuretics. If you have a medical condition, treating that condition may cure your low blood pressure. If the cause of your low blood pressure cannot be found, the main focus will be on improving the symptoms caused by low blood pressure. Lifestyle changes are also important. It is recommended to exercise, take in more salt and fluids, and sleep with your head slightly elevated. If symptoms do not improve sufficiently with lifestyle changes, drug therapy is used. First, try the hypertensive drug Metolidin (midodrine hydrochloride), and if this still interferes with daily life, use Florinef (fludrocortisone acetate). (1)Wieling W, Raj SR, Thijs RD. Are small observational studies sufficient evidence for a recommendation of head-up sleeping in all patients with debilitating orthostatic hypotension? MacLean and Allen revisited after 70 years. ClinAuton Res. 2009;19:8-12. Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" |
どんな病気でしょうか? ●おもな症状と経過 低血圧は、高血圧に比べて研究の進んでいない分野といえます。それは、重症の感染症や副腎(ふくじん)の著しい機能低下といった病気が誘発する低血圧を除けば、長期的にも短期的にも命にかかわる可能性が低いからです。 血圧は人によってばらつきがあるため、低血圧の定義は決まってはいませんが、おおむね収縮期血圧が90mmHg以下のことを指します。先ほど挙げたような命にかかわる病気を合併した場合、めまいやふらつきなどの症状がある場合に、治療の対象となります。 低血圧には、ほかの病気が原因でおこる症候性(二次性)低血圧と、原因のはっきりしない本態性(ほんたいせい)低血圧、立ち上がったときに急に血圧が低下して気分不良やふらつきをおこす起立性低血圧、食事に伴って突然、血圧が下がる食後低血圧などがあります。 低血圧の人のなかには、不眠や不安、緊張などがあって、朝起きるのが苦痛で、午前中はずっと気分がすぐれないという症状を訴える人もいます。ただ、これらは低血圧で必ずみられるものではなく、人によって症状が異なります。また、血圧値と症状が必ずしも関連しないこともあり、季節的な変動も見られます。 ●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ 重症の病気に合併する低血圧は、体を循環する血液量が減って臓器に対する血流が低下するために生じます。健康で単に血圧だけが低いという人は、その状況に慣れていることもあって、大きな健康被害に至らないことも少なくありません。 起立性低血圧や食後低血圧は、自律神経の働きが悪く、血圧調節がうまく機能しないためにおこると考えられています。 よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック [治療とケア]低血圧の原因を知る [評価]☆☆ [評価のポイント] 血圧が低い原因を知ることは、治療を行うかどうかを決定する際に非常に重要です。重症の感染症や出血などの結果としておこっているのであれば、すぐに治療を始める必要があります。起立性低血圧はパーキンソン病や糖尿病、薬剤などが原因でおこっている可能性があります。 [治療とケア]生活習慣を改善する [評価]☆☆☆ [評価のポイント] ゆっくり起き上がる、水分をこまめに摂取する、頭を少し上げて寝る、弾性ストッキングを着用するなど、生活習慣の改善によって起立性低血圧を改善させる試みが行われていますが、いずれも小規模な臨床研究で有効性が示されたにすぎず、大規模な臨床研究による検討はまだなされていません。(1)(2) [治療とケア]運動をする [評価]☆☆☆ [評価のポイント] 定期的な運動は、起立性低血圧の原因となっている自律神経の機能障害を改善させるという臨床研究があります。(3) [治療とケア]食事の調整を行う [評価]☆☆ [評価のポイント] 有効性を示す臨床研究は見あたりませんが、食事量を少なめにする、アルコールの摂取をできるだけ減らすといった方法が、食後低血圧を改善させると考えられています。 [治療とケア]昇圧薬や副腎皮質ステロイド薬を用いる [評価]☆☆☆☆☆ [評価のポイント] 薬物療法以外の治療で症状が十分改善しない場合、血圧を上げる昇圧薬や副腎皮質ステロイド薬などの薬物療法が考慮されます。(4)~(6) よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック 昇圧薬 [薬名]メトリジン(ミドドリン塩酸塩)(4) [評価]☆☆☆☆☆ [評価のポイント] 非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって、症状を改善することが確認されています。 副腎皮質ステロイド薬 [薬名]フロリネフ(フルドロコルチゾン酢酸エステル)(5)(6) [評価]☆☆☆ [評価のポイント] 体内に水分を貯留させることによって血圧を上昇させる効果があるという臨床研究があります。フルドロコルチゾン酢酸エステルは合成された鉱質コルチコイドですが、浮腫や心不全といった副作用も高頻度に認められるため、注意が必要です。 [薬名]エリスロポエチン(7) [評価]☆☆☆ [評価のポイント] 貧血を合併した起立性低血圧に使用され、効果があったという報告があります。 総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法 まずは低血圧の原因を探る 病気や薬の服用が原因で低血圧がおこることもあります。そこで低血圧の診断では、感染症やパーキンソン病、糖尿病、心臓病、副腎皮質不全といった病気が隠れていないか、あるいは降圧薬や利尿薬などによっておこったものではないか、その原因を慎重に調べる必要があります。 なんらかの病気がある場合には、その病気の治療をすることで低血圧も治癒する可能があります。低血圧の原因が見つからない場合は、低血圧によっておこる症状の改善が主体になります。 生活上の工夫も大切 運動、塩分と水分の摂取を多めにすること、頭をやや高くして寝ることなどが勧められます。 昇圧薬などを投与することも 生活改善などで症状が十分に改善しないときは、薬物療法が行われます。まずは昇圧薬のメトリジン(ミドドリン塩酸塩)を試し、それでも生活に支障があればフロリネフ(フルドロコルチゾン酢酸エステル)を用います。 (1)Wieling W, Raj SR, Thijs RD. Are small observational studies sufficient evidence for a recommendation of head-up sleeping in all patients with debilitating orthostatic hypotension? MacLean and Allen revisited after 70 years. ClinAuton Res. 2009;19:8-12. 出典 法研「EBM 正しい治療がわかる本」EBM 正しい治療がわかる本について 情報 |
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