Direct sum (English spelling)

Japanese: 直和 - ちょくわ(英語表記)direct sum
Direct sum (English spelling)
(1) Regarding sets When we say the union of sets A and B , it can refer to the union when A , BX , but it can also refer to A and B arranged without considering overlap. This is sometimes called a direct sum to distinguish it from a union set. By extension, the union of subsets can also be called a direct sum only when AB = φ. (2) Regarding commutative groups Let G be a commutative group with associative law for addition, and its subgroups G 1 and G 2. If xG , x 1G 1 , and x 2G 2 can be uniquely written in the form xx 1x 2 , then G is said to be the direct sum of G 1 and G 2 , and this is represented as G 1G 2. (3) Regarding vector spaces Since arithmetic in vector spaces is additive, a direct product is sometimes called a direct sum. (4) Regarding subspaces of vector spaces Let V be a vector space over a field K , and its subspaces V1 and V2 . If each element x of V can be uniquely written as x = x1 + x2 with x1V1 and x2V2 , then V is said to be the direct sum of V1 and V2 , which is represented as V1 + V2 . In general, we write V1 + V2 = { x1 + x2 | x1V1 , x2 V2 }, but this is not necessarily isomorphic to the direct sum (direct product) of V1 and V2 . Therefore , in particular, the case where it is isomorphic is called a direct sum.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
(1) 集合に関して 集合 AB との和集合というときに,ABX の場合の合併をさす場合もあるが,AB を重なりを考えずに並べたものをいう場合もある。これを合併集合と区別するために直和ということもある。転じて,部分集合の合併についても,AB=φ の場合に限って直和ということもある。 (2) 可換群に関して 加法に関する結合法をもつ可換群を G ,その部分群を G1G2 とする。もし任意の元 xGx1G1 および x2G2 によって,xx1x2 の形に一意的に書けるとき,GG1G2 の直和であるといわれ,これを G1G2 で表わす。 (3) ベクトル空間に関して ベクトル空間の算法は加法なので,直積のことを直和ということもある。 (4) ベクトル空間の部分空間に関して 体 K の上のベクトル空間を V ,その部分空間を V1V2 とする。もし V のおのおの元 x が,x1V1 および x2V2 によって,一意的に xx1x2 と書けるとき,VV1V2 の直和であるといい,これを V1V2 で表わす。一般にも,V1V2={x1x2x1V1x2V2} と書くが,これは V1V2 の直和 (直積) と同型とはかぎらない。それで特に,同型になる場合を直和というのである。

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