Ghiberti - Lorenzo Ghiberti

Japanese: ギベルティ - ぎべるてぃ(英語表記)Lorenzo Ghiberti
Ghiberti - Lorenzo Ghiberti

Italian sculptor. He is famous for creating the bronze gates on the north and east sides of the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. His main field of activity was sculpture, but he also worked in architecture, metalwork, and writing, making him one of the most famous artists of the early Renaissance. Born in Florence, he left his hometown for a time as a young man and traveled around the country, but was called back in 1401 to participate in a competition for the north gate of the baptistery. The theme of the competition was the Old Testament story "The Sacrifice of Isaac," and it is said that seven people, including Ghiberti, participated. Of the works submitted at that time, only two works by him and Brunelleschi remain in the Bargello Museum in Florence. Ghiberti was appointed as the sculptor and began work in 1403. The composition of the gate was modeled after the south gate completed by Andrea Pisano in 1336, with 28 doors framed and various scenes from the life of Christ carved in relief. In 1424, he completed the north portal, and in 1425, he was commissioned to do the east portal. This time, he significantly revised the composition, incorporating scenes from the Old Testament into ten frames. This portal was completed in 1452, and while the expression of the north portal reflects the international Gothic style, the east portal heralds the emergence of Renaissance sculpture based on the classical tradition. That is, he succeeded in expressing a sense of depth through his unique technique of perspective drawing shown in the architectural background and highlighting the high and low reliefs in the foreground and background. This work is commonly called the "Gates of Paradise" after Michelangelo's praise, and is thickly gilded to enhance the pictorial effect. The sudden change in Ghiberti's style between the two portals is thought to be due to the influence of Donatello and ancient sculpture. His sculpture of St. John (1414, Florence, San Michele) is still in the Gothic style, while his sculpture of St. Matthew (1422, same church) has a clear tendency towards classicism. His writings, I Commentarii , which he began working on around 1447, are valuable resources for research into the history of 14th and 15th century art.

[Katsuya Hamatani]

[References] | Perspective drawing | Donatello | Pisano | Brunelleschi

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

イタリアの彫刻家。フィレンツェのサン・ジョバンニ洗礼堂の北側および東側のブロンズ門扉(もんぴ)の制作者として名高い。彼の主要な活動領域は彫刻であったが、そのほか建築、金属細工、著述にまで及び、初期ルネサンスにおけるもっとも著名な美術家の一人である。フィレンツェに生まれ、青年時代に一時生地を離れて、旅先で制作活動をしていたが、1401年に呼び戻され、洗礼堂北側門扉のコンテストに参加した。コンテストの課題は旧約聖書の物語「イサクの犠牲」であり、参加者は彼を含め7人であったといわれる。このときの応募作品のうち彼とブルネレスキによる2点のみがフィレンツェのバルジェッロ美術館に現存する。制作者に登用されたギベルティは1403年に制作に着手するが、門扉の構成は1336年にアンドレア・ピサーノが完成した南側のそれに倣って、扉を28個に枠どりし、キリスト伝などの諸場面を浮彫りで表現するものであった。1424年にひとまず北側門扉を完成し、翌1425年にはさらに東側門扉をも委嘱された。今度は構成を大幅に改め、10個の枠のなかに旧約聖書の諸場面を組み入れた。この門扉は1452年に完成するが、北側門扉の表現が国際的ゴシック様式を反映しているのに対し、東側門扉は古典的な伝統に立脚したルネサンス彫刻の出現を告げている。すなわち背景の建築構造に示された透視図法や、前景と後景との浮彫りの高低を際だてる彼独自の手法によって、奥行のある空間表現に成功している。この作品はミケランジェロの賛辞にちなんで「天国の門」と通称されるが、厚い金めっきが施され絵画的な表現効果を強めている。二つの門扉の間に認められるギベルティの様式上の急激な変化はドナテッロおよび古代彫刻の影響によるものと考えられる。彼の手になる丸彫り立像『聖ヨハネ』(1414・フィレンツェ、オル・サン・ミケーレ聖堂)は依然ゴシック様式であるのに対し『聖マタイ』(1422・同聖堂)には古典主義傾向がかなり目だっている。なお1447年ごろから着手された彼の著述『覚え書』I Commentariiは14、15世紀美術史研究の貴重な資料である。

[濱谷勝也]

[参照項目] | 透視図 | ドナテッロ | ピサーノ | ブルネレスキ

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