Imperially ordered fields

From around the end of the 8th century, in order to deal with the decline of the Ritsuryo system, these were cultivated as a private source of revenue for the Imperial family. They are also called Imperially ordered fields. From around the middle of the 8th century, aristocrats and temples actively cultivated land and formed manors, but this was a similar reclamation project carried out by imperial decree at the expense of the state's finances. They were actively established throughout the 9th century, but as part of the Engi manor consolidation order that began in 902 (Engi 2), the Imperially ordered fields were stopped after 897 (Kanpei 9). However, it was impossible to stop the Imperially ordered fields alone while the manor system was progressing, and they increased especially during the Insei period, and Emperor Gosanjo in particular made great efforts to increase the Imperially ordered fields. After that, the Imperially ordered fields came to an end with the Kamakura period.

[Toshiya Torao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

8世紀の末ごろから、律令(りつりょう)制の衰退に対処するため皇室独自の財源として開墾された不輸租田。勅旨開田ともいう。8世紀のなかばごろから貴族や寺院は盛んに開墾を行い、荘園(しょうえん)を形成していったが、これと同趣旨の開墾事業を勅旨によって国家の財政負担で行ったものである。9世紀を通じて盛んに設定されたが、902年（延喜2）に始まった延喜(えんぎ)の荘園整理令の一環として、897年（寛平9）以降の勅旨開田は停止された。しかし、荘園制の進行のなかで勅旨田のみを停止することは不可能で、院政時代に入ると、ことに増加し、なかでも後三条(ごさんじょう)天皇は大いに勅旨田の増大に努めた。その後、鎌倉時代をもって勅旨田は終わりを告げる。

［虎尾俊哉］

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