Harmonic functions

Japanese: 調和関数 - ちょうわかんすう
Harmonic functions

If a function of n variables u ( x 1 , x 2 ,……, x n ) is a Laplace differential equation,

When it satisfies the above, it is called a harmonic function. Here, we will only discuss the case when there are two variables. Laplace's equation often appears in the following form in electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, etc. Let D be the region enclosed by the smooth curve C. Take a given value f (ζ) on C , and find the harmonic function u ( x , y ) within D , that is,
Δ u ( x , y )=0 ( x , y )∈ D
u (ζ)= f (ζ) ζ∈ C
In particular, when C is a circle with the origin as its center and radius R , the solution can be expressed in polar coordinates and given by the Poisson integral formula.

Harmonic functions satisfy the maximum principle, i.e., they can only have maximum and minimum values ​​on the boundary of the domain D. This shows that there is only one solution to the previous boundary value problem.

[Haruo Sunouchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

n変数の関数u(x1,x2,……,xn)がラプラスの微分方程式

を満足するときこれを調和関数という。ここでは二変数のときに限って述べる。ラプラスの方程式は、電磁気学や流体力学などで、次の形でよく現れる。滑らかな曲線Cで囲まれた領域をDとするとき、C上で与えられた値f(ζ)をとり、D内で調和関数u(x,y)を求めよ、すなわち、
 Δu(x,y)=0 (x,y)∈D
  u(ζ)=f(ζ) ζ∈C
を解け、という境界値問題である。とくにCが原点を中心、半径Rの円のときは、解は極座標で表して、ポアソンの積分公式

で表される。調和関数は最大値原理を満たす。すなわち、最大値、最小値をとるのは領域Dの境界上に限る。これから、前の境界値問題の解はただ一つであることがわかる。

[洲之内治男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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