The name of a part (not a group) of insects in the order Lepidoptera of the class Insecta. There are about 15,000 species found worldwide, with about 260 species found in Japan. They are widely distributed all over the world, except for polar regions and deserts where no higher plants grow, but generally the more abundant the flora in an area, the more species there are. [Takashi Shiramizu] Distinguishing Butterflies and MothsGenerally, Lepidoptera are divided into two groups, butterflies and moths, but these are not opposing natural groups and this usage is conventional. Therefore, it is rather natural that we cannot point out any characteristics that strictly distinguish the two. In foreign countries, butterflies and moths are often not particularly distinguished. For example, French papillon, German Schmetterlinge, Italian fanfala, and Spanish mariposa are words that include both butterflies and moths. [Takashi Shiramizu] Lepidoptera ClassificationLepidoptera is classified into two suborders, the Synostrich and Heterochorhynchus. The characteristics of the suborder and the names of the superfamilies included in it are as follows: [1] Homoneura: A primitive group in which the forewings and hindwings are almost identical in shape, with 10 to 12 veins (wing veins) in the hindwings. There is a small pterygoidea at the base of the rear edge of the forewings, which holds the hindwings in place. The most primitive moths in this suborder, the Micropterygoidea, have large jaws and chewing-type mouthparts. Three superfamilies are included in this suborder: Micropterygoidea, Eriocranioidea, and Hepialoidea. There are few species. [2] Heteroneura: A more advanced suborder than the Heteroneura, with eight or fewer veins on the hindwings. They lack pterygota, but instead have hook-shaped dense hairs (prickles) at the base of the anterior edge of the hindwings, or they are absent entirely. The mouthparts are resorbed. There are many species, and more than 99% of Lepidoptera belong to this suborder. Fifteen superfamilies are included in this suborder: Nepticuloidea (Stigmelloidea), Incurvarioidea, Cossoidea, Tineoidea, Tortricoidea, Zygaenoidea, Castonoidea, Pyralidoidea, Geometroidea, Noctuoidea, Bombycoidea, Sphingoidea, Calliduloidea, Hesperoidea, and Papilionoidea. Most of these superfamilies are further divided into many families. Of the above, the two groups of Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea, which belong to the suborder Heteroptera, are collectively called butterflies, and all other Lepidoptera are called moths. Therefore, butterflies and moths are not two opposing natural groups, but the following commonly accepted characteristics can be used to distinguish between the two. (1) In butterflies, the antennae are club-shaped or drumstick-shaped, either gradually or suddenly expanding toward the tip, or have a bulge near the tip and gradually taper from there; in moths, they are thread-like or comb-like to various degrees. (2) When landing, butterflies raise their wings, while moths spread their wings horizontally. (3) Butterflies are active during the day, while moths are active at night. (2) and (3) have many exceptions even in Japanese products and cannot be used as criteria for judgment, but (1) has no exceptions when it comes to Japanese products (there are exceptions in other countries), so it is possible to distinguish between them based on this characteristic. [Takashi Shiramizu] formAll Lepidoptera undergo complete metamorphosis, so butterflies have four stages: adult, egg, larva, and pupa. [Takashi Shiramizu] AdultThe adult body is divided into three parts: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head has one pair of antennae, one pair of compound eyes and mouthparts, and the thorax has two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. The antennae are made up of many segments, may or may not be scaled, and are equipped with sensory organs. The compound eyes are very large and take up more than half of the head, and there are no ocelli. The mouthparts are absorbent tubes that are modified jawlets, and the lower labial palps protrude forward in three segments. The thorax is made up of three segments: the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax, and each segment has one pair of legs, although in certain groups the forelegs degenerate to various degrees. The legs are made up of five segments from the base: the prothorax, trochlea, femur, tibia, and tarsus, and have claws at the tip. The mesothorax and metathorax each have a pair of membranous wings, which are supported by hollow veins running through them, called wing veins, and their appearance is called venation. Venation is often used as a characteristic for taxonomic purposes in butterflies. The front and back of the wings are covered with scales and scale hairs that resemble roof tiles, and these are modified hairs. Some species have special scent scales that are only found in males, and these can be scattered among the normal scales of the wings or gathered in one area. The abdomen consists of 10 segments, and although there is no special structure in appearance, the 9th to 10th or 8th to 10th segments at the end are modified to form the copulatory organs in males, and the females also undergo corresponding modifications. The shape of the copulatory organs is extremely often used as an important classification characteristic for both sexes. [Takashi Shiramizu] eggEggs come in a variety of shapes, including spherical, hemispherical, bun-shaped, bullet-shaped, and beer barrel-shaped, and many have edges, protrusions, or carvings on the surface of the eggshell. It is often possible to determine the species, genus, and family from the shape of the egg. [Takashi Shiramizu] LarvaThe larvae are usually elongated and cylindrical, sometimes woodlouse-shaped. They consist of 14 segments in total, 1 head segment, 3 thoracic segments, and 10 abdominal segments, but the segments at the end of the abdomen are not always clearly defined. The thorax has three pairs of thoracic legs, just like the adult, and the abdomen has five pairs of abdominal legs on the 3rd to 6th and 10th segments, with the 10th segment specifically called the uropods. The head and torso (thorax + abdomen) shapes vary, with some having unique projections and spines, and it is often possible to determine the species, genus, and family by their shape and color. [Takashi Shiramizu] pupaIn the pupa, all of the appendages (antenna, mouthparts, wings, etc.) are contained within a chitinous sheath that is tightly attached to the torso, and it is called a pupae; there is no naked pupa (in which the appendages are free from the torso) as seen in primitive Lepidoptera. Butterfly pupae are essentially of two types: the belted pupae (Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae), in which the body is fixed by a string made of the tail end and spindle silk, and the hanging pupae (Nymphalidae, Danaidae, Satyridae, Nasioideae), in which the tail end is fixed and the head hangs down.The exceptions are Parnassius, which spin thin cocoons on the ground and pupate inside them, and the genera Erebia and Erebia, which pupate lying down in depressions on the ground or under stones, and these are secondary variations on the basic types mentioned above. [Takashi Shiramizu] EcologyButterfly larvae generally feed on specific parts of specific plants, so eggs are laid in places where the hatched larvae can easily reach those parts. Therefore, eggs are most often laid on the new shoots or flower buds of the food plants. Swallowtail butterflies lay eggs on the Rutaceae plants that are the food plants of their larvae, and when doing so, they avoid tough old leaves and choose new shoots and young leaves, so that the hatched larvae are laid on suitable food and drop off. Since newly hatched larvae cannot eat tough leaves, those born on old leaves must wander long distances in search of new shoots, and many of them are attacked by natural enemies before they reach the new shoots, or die of starvation without being able to reach the new shoots. The mother butterfly detects the food plants of her larvae by the smell (chemical components) that the plant emits. Swallowtail butterflies very rationally avoid old leaves and lay their eggs on new shoots and young leaves because they are instinctively attracted to them because the scent emitted by new shoots and young leaves is stronger than that of older leaves. [Takashi Shiramizu] Larval behaviorHatched larvae often eat part or all of the egg shell, but the exact reason for this is not yet fully understood. Most larvae rest on the upper or lower leaves of the host plant, or on the branches or trunks, or sometimes on other objects near the host plant (the location is almost the same depending on the species), and feed several times a day with a short time interval between feeding, but the way they eat leaves is characteristic, and their presence can sometimes be easily detected by the feeding marks on the leaves. In the Hesperiidae family and certain other species, larvae make nests by folding or folding leaves and hide inside them. In some species of Nymphalidae, young larvae bite off parts of leaves and hang them like a curtain to hide behind them, or attach feces to the tip of the midvein of the remaining leaves with a spun silk and hide there to blind predators. After molting several times, the larvae mature and become pupae, but the number of larval instars (the number of molts) varies by species; for example, Lycaenidae have 4 instars, Papilionidae and Pieridae have 5 instars as a rule, and Nymphalidae have 5 or 6 instars. However, this number of instars is not absolutely determined by species, and larvae of the Papilio genus, which should go through 5 instars, may pupate at 4 or 6 instars. The increase in the number of instars in the Papilio genus is thought to be caused by poor nutritional conditions. [Takashi Shiramizu] pupationMature larvae generally move in search of a place to pupate, and those that will become pendant pupae spin silk threads at the pupation site to create a silk stalk, which they then attach to a hook with their uropods and hang down, while those that will become girdle pupae attach their uropods to the silk stalk and then spin silk threads to create a carrying strap, which they then attach to their hind thorax to secure their body. At this time, the larva's body shrinks and becomes somewhat transparent in color; this state is called a pre-pupa. The pre-pupa molts in about 1 or 2 days to become a pupa. Thus, the length of the egg, larva, and pupa stages is affected by temperature, and generally shorter at higher temperatures and longer at lower temperatures. However, for those in a dormant state, temperature does not affect the length of the stage. [Takashi Shiramizu] Causes of seasonal typesSome species of butterflies show remarkable seasonal variation. In other words, the color and pattern of their wings change depending on the season they emerge. The most obvious examples found in Japan are the Japanese siberian hawk moth and the Japanese hawk moth, whose spring and summer forms look like different species at first glance. The seasonal forms of the Japanese hawk moth are similar; the summer forms have rounded wings and a clear eye pattern on the underside of their wings, while the autumn forms have sharp wings, a dead leaf pattern on the underside, and the eye pattern disappears. This seasonal variation in adulthood is determined by the photoperiod (length of daylight) and temperature during the larval stage, with the photoperiod being the main factor. In the case of the Japanese hawk moth, if its larvae are raised under a long day (13 hours or more) at a constant temperature of 25°C, it will become a summer type, and if it is raised under a short day (12 hours or less), it will become an autumn type. High temperatures promote the formation of the summer type, while low temperatures promote the formation of the autumn type. This is also clear from similar experiments with the Eurema persica and the Black-spotted Eurema persica. The day length is longest in late June and shortest in late December. This explains why autumn types emerge as the days become shorter in autumn and temperatures drop. The autumn types that survive winter as adults are physiologically dormant and can survive the winter in low temperatures, but the summer types do not have this ability, which is an adaptation to poor environments. The day length that separates the summer and autumn types, and the spring and summer types (called the critical day length) varies slightly depending on the species, but it is between approximately 12 and 13 hours. [Takashi Shiramizu] Recognition between males and femalesThe question of how male butterflies recognize females of the same species (and vice versa) is still not fully understood. Both male and female cabbage white butterflies appear white to the human eye, but when photographed in ultraviolet light, the male appears black and the female white. Insect vision is biased toward ultraviolet light (short wavelengths) much more than the human visible range, and it appears that the world seen by cabbage white butterflies is quite different from that seen by humans. Male swallowtail butterflies are attracted to yellow and black striped patterns within a certain size range. The yellow and black striped patterns are the patterns on the female's wings, and the effect is the same even if the patterns are artificially made from colored paper. In the case of moths, females release a type of chemical substance called a pheromone that is unique to each species, and the males are attracted to the pheromone and gather around the females. Unlike moths, butterflies first detect the presence of females through their eyesight. [Takashi Shiramizu] Taxonomy of Japanese butterfliesJapanese butterflies are generally classified into two superfamilies and nine families: [1] The superfamily Hesperoidea includes only one family, the family Hesperiidae. [2] Papilionoidea (superfamily): This includes eight families: Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Curetidae, Libytheidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, and Satyridae. Of the above, the family Uraginidae is often not separated and is instead placed in the family Lycaenidae. Also, the families Zygaenidae and Satyridae are sometimes included in the family Nymphalidae, and each is considered a subfamily within the family Nymphalidae. However, there is no doubt that the species in the above eight families are each a natural group, and whether they are classified as a family or a subfamily is a matter of comparison with others and is not particularly important in nature. [Takashi Shiramizu] Relationship with human lifeAlong with flowers, butterflies have long been loved by humans as one of the most beautiful things in the natural world. As such, they have been featured in many works of literature and art. In Japan, only six species of butterflies have been featured on postage stamps to date: the national butterfly, the Great Purple Emperor, as well as the Mikado Swallowtail, Luehdorfia japonica, Cabbage White, Pale Eurema montanus, and Kirishima Green Hairstreak. However, in other countries, butterfly stamps are issued in great numbers. Since the Meiji period, the idea of using butterfly wings for decorative purposes has emerged, and products with butterfly wings inlaid into cup saucers, trays, bookmarks, tablecloths, and other items have been sold. In recent years, specimens with their wings spread out in frames or specimen boxes have been sold commercially as decorative items. Agricultural pests in Japan include the common skipper butterfly (striped grass bug, Japanese box beetle) whose larvae damage rice, the cabbage white butterfly (cabbage caterpillar) that feeds on cabbage, the lycaenid butterflies (such as the common blue and white butterfly) that damage cultivated beans, the swallowtail butterfly that damages mandarin orange seedlings, and the banana skipper that recently invaded the main island of Okinawa and damages banana leaves, but none cause significant damage. None are sanitary pests. In general, butterflies are considered to do more good than harm to humans. [Takashi Shiramizu] FolkloreThe eerie fluttering of butterflies is associated with the coming and going of the souls of the dead. In the Wakan Sansai Zue 68, it is written about the Jizo Hall on the hell road of Tateyama in Ecchu, "Every year on the night of the 15th of July, a great number of butterflies appear and dance in this field, calling out "Shouryoichi." In other regions, too, black butterflies around the time of Obon are said to be Buddha's vehicles, and night butterflies are said to be his messengers. Generally, a butterfly entering a house is thought to be a sign of bad luck, such as a thief or the death of a sick person, but in some areas it is also thought to be a sign of good fortune, as it is said that a butterfly entering a house will bring money or a marriage proposal. In addition, it is said that if you catch an Okoricho, you will suffer from a disease called "Okori," and if you kill a Miyajimacho, your boat on a pilgrimage to Miyajima will sink, and there are many legends related to weather predictions, such as rain falling if a butterfly enters a house. Butterfly pupae are also known to be used as a folk remedy, as they are soaked in seed oil and used as a wound medicine. [Oshima Takehiko] In Burmese, spirits that are believed to leave the body easily are called "butterfly spirits." This is because they fly with a sound similar to that of a butterfly flapping its wings. When a "butterfly spirit" leaves the body, the person becomes ill, and if it does not return, it means death. This idea of a spirit that can leave the body exists all over the world, and is most often associated with birds, but as with birds, the connection with butterflies is thought to be largely related to their flying attribute. There is a famous anecdote in "Zhuangzi" in which a person becomes a butterfly in a dream. Also, in the mythology of the Pima, the indigenous people of North America, the creator takes the form of a butterfly and continues to fly in order to find a good land suitable for people. The spirits feared by the Desana people of South America have their backs covered with beautiful blue butterflies unique to South America, but in this case, the butterflies are a bad omen for them. On the other hand, butterflies are also considered good omens: in Germany, butterflies are said to bring children, and in America, if a butterfly wanders into your house, it is said to be a sign of an upcoming marriage. [Hiroko Yokoyama] literatureAs early as the Kaifuso, there is a passage that says, "The willow catkins have not yet flown, and the tips of the butterflies are already dancing" (Kinofurumaro), which seems to be a scene from Chinese poetry and prose. The story of "The Dream of the Butterfly" in Zhuangzi is particularly well known, and has also been written about in waka poetry. There are not many examples of waka poetry, but it is said that there is a reference to "butterflies" in "The Flowers that wither and become dirt, yet I am lost in thought" (Hensho, Monona, Kokinshu), two poems are included in Kokin Rokujo 6, and a poem about butterflies can be found in "Fujiwara no Kimi" in Utsubo Monogatari. It appears in the "Insects" section of "The Pillow Book," and in the "When I was at Sanjo Palace" section, in a poem by Empress Teishi, "Even on days when I rush to pick at the flowers and butterflies of others, you know my heart." In "The Tale of Genji," there are four examples, referred to as "butterfly" and "kocho." In "The Princess Who Loved Insects" from "The Tale of Tsutsumi Chunagon," an unusual princess appears who adores caterpillars, saying, "The flowers and butterflies of others, and the fact that I love them are fleeting and mysterious." The seasonal theme is spring. "The shade in the fields is filled with butterflies flying everywhere" (Basho). [Teruhiko Komachiya] "Inoue Hiroshi, Shiramizu Takashi, et al., 'Colored Illustrated Encyclopedia of Insects I: Butterflies and Moths' (1959, Hokuryukan)" ▽ "Asahina Shojiro, et al., 'Animal Systematic Taxonomy, Vol. 7, Parts 1, 2 and 3' (1970-1972, Nakayama Shoten)" ▽ "Yasumatsu Kyozo, Asahina Shojiro, et al., 'Modern Biology, Vol. 2' (1973, Nakayama Shoten)" ▽ "The World Butterfly Encyclopedia, Japanese Edition' (1978, Shujunsha) edited by Shiramizu Takashi, by P. Smart" ▽ "Fukuda Haruo, et al., 'Colored Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Ecology of Japanese Butterflies I-IV' (1982-1984, Hoikusha)" [References] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
昆虫綱鱗翅(りんし)類(目)Lepidopteraに属する昆虫の一部(一群ではない)の呼び名。世界に産する種は約1万5000種、日本産は約260種。高等植物のまったく生えていない極地や砂漠を除いて全世界に広く分布するが、一般に植物相の豊富な地域ほどその種類は多い。 [白水 隆] チョウとガの区別一般に鱗翅目をチョウとガの二つに大別するが、この両者は対立する自然群ではなく、この用法は慣例的なものである。したがって、両者を厳密に区別する特徴を指摘できないのは、むしろ当然である。外国ではチョウとガをとくに区別しないことが多い。たとえば、フランス語のpapillon、ドイツ語のSchmetterlinge、イタリア語のfanfala、スペイン語のmariposaなどは、チョウとガを含めたことばである。 [白水 隆] 鱗翅目の分類鱗翅目は分類学的には同脈亜目と異脈亜目に大別される。ここでその特徴とそれに含まれる上科の名称を示すと次のようになる。 〔1〕同脈亜目Homoneura 原始的な群で、前ばねと後ろばねはほぼ同形、後ろばねの脈(翅脈)は10~12本。前ばねの後縁の基部に小さな翅垂があって後ろばねを挟む。この亜目のなかでもっとも原始的なコバネガ上科では口器は大あごがあってそしゃく型。コバネガ上科Micropterygoidea、スイコバネガ上科Eriocranioidea、コウモリガ上科Hepialoideaの3上科が同脈亜目に含まれる。種類数は少ない。 〔2〕異脈亜目Heteroneura 同脈亜目より高等なもので、後ろばねの脈は8本以下。翅垂はなく、そのかわりに鉤(かぎ)形の密毛(翅刺)が後ろばねの前縁の基部にあるか、あるいはこれを欠く。口器は吸収型。種類数は多く鱗翅目の99%以上の種がこの亜目に入る。ムグリチビガ上科Nepticuloidea (Stigmelloidea)、マガリガ上科Incurvarioidea、ボクトウガ上科Cossoidea、ヒロズコガ上科Tineoidea、ハマキガ上科Tortricoidea、マダラガ上科Zygaenoidea、カストニア上科Castonoidea、メイガ上科Pyralidoidea、シャクガ上科Geometroidea、ヤガ上科Noctuoidea、カイコガ上科Bombycoidea、スズメガ上科Sphingoidea、イカリモンガ上科Calliduloidea、セセリチョウ上科Hesperoidea、アゲハチョウ上科Papilionoideaの15の上科がこの亜目に含まれ、これらの上科の大部分はさらに多くの科に分類される。 以上のうち、異脈亜目に属するセセリチョウ上科とアゲハチョウ上科の2群をあわせてチョウとよび、それ以外のすべての鱗翅目をガとよぶ。したがって、チョウとガは対立する二つの自然群ではないが、一般にいわれている次の特徴は両者を区別する目安となる。 (1)チョウでは触角の形は先端に向かって徐々に、あるいは急激に膨らんだ棍棒(こんぼう)状かばち形、または先端部近くに膨らんだ部分があり、それより徐々に細まる。ガでは糸状または種々の程度の櫛歯(くしば)状。 (2)止まるときにチョウははねを立てるが、ガは水平に開く。 (3)チョウは昼間、ガは夜間に活動する。 (2)(3)は日本産のものでも例外が多く、判断の基準にはならないが、(1)の特徴は日本産のものに限っては例外がないので(外国にはある)、この特徴で区別は可能である。 [白水 隆] 形態鱗翅目はすべて完全変態を行うので、チョウには成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹(さなぎ)の四つのステージがある。 [白水 隆] 成虫成虫の体は、頭部、胸部、腹部の3部に分かれ、頭部には1対の触角、1対の複眼および口器、胸部には2対のはね、3対の脚(あし)がある。触角は多数の環節からなり、有鱗あるいは無鱗、感覚器を備えている。複眼はきわめて大きくて頭部の過半を占め、単眼はない。口器は小あごの変形した吸収管となり、下唇鬚(かしんしゅ)は3節で前方に突出する。胸部は、前胸、中胸、後胸の3節からなり、各節に1対の脚があるが、特定の群では種々の程度に前脚の退化がみられる。脚は基部より、基節、転節、腿節(たいせつ)、脛節(けいせつ)、跗節(ふせつ)の5節よりなり、その先端につめがある。中胸、後胸にはそれぞれ1対の膜状のはねがあり、これを支える中空の脈がその中を走っており、これを翅脈といい、その様相を脈相とよぶ。脈相はチョウの分類上の特徴として多く使用される。はねの表裏には屋根瓦(がわら)のような状態で鱗粉(鱗片)および鱗毛が生えており、これらは毛の変形したものである。種によっては雄にだけみられる特別の形の発香鱗があるが、これははねの正常鱗の中に散らばっていることもあり、ある部分に集まっていることもある。 腹部は10節よりなり、外見的には特別の構造はないが、末端の9~10節あるいは8~10節は、雄では変形して交尾器をつくり、雌にもそれに相応する変形がおこっている。交尾器の形態は、雌雄ともに分類上の重要な特徴としてきわめて多く使用される。 [白水 隆] 卵卵は、球形、半球形、まんじゅう形、砲弾形、ビヤ樽(だる)形などさまざまな形があって、卵殻の表面に稜(りょう)や突起、彫刻などをもつものが多く、卵の形態で種、属、科などの判定のできる場合が多い。 [白水 隆] 幼虫幼虫は普通細長くて円筒形、ときにワラジムシ形。頭部1節、胸部3節、腹部10節の計14節からなるが、腹部末端部の分節はかならずしもつねに明瞭(めいりょう)ではない。胸部には成虫と同じく3対の胸脚、腹部には第3~第6節および第10節に5対の腹脚があり、第10節のものはとくに尾脚とよぶ。頭部の形態、胴部(胸部+腹部)の形態はさまざまで、特異な突起や棘(とげ)をもつものなどがあり、その形態、色彩によって、種、属、科の判定ができる場合も多い。 [白水 隆] 蛹蛹はすべての付属物(触角、口器、はねなど)がキチン質の鞘(さや)に収まって胴部に密着しており、被蛹(ひよう)とよばれ、原始的な鱗翅目にみられる裸蛹(らよう)(付属物が胴部から遊離)は存在しない。チョウ類の蛹は、尾端と吐糸による負ぶい紐(ひも)で体を固定している帯蛹(たいよう)(アゲハチョウ科、シロチョウ科、シジミチョウ科、セセリチョウ科)と、尾端を固定して頭を下にして垂下する垂蛹(すいよう)(タテハチョウ科、マダラチョウ科、ジャノメチョウ科、テングチョウ科)の2形式が本質的なもので、地表で薄い繭をつくってその中で蛹となるウスバシロチョウ類や、地表のくぼみや石の下などに横たわって蛹化するタカネヒカゲ属、ベニヒカゲ属は例外で、前記の基本型から二次的に変化したものである。 [白水 隆] 生態チョウの幼虫は一般に特定の植物の特定の部分を食物とするので、卵は、孵化(ふか)した幼虫が容易にその部分に到達できるような場所に産み付けられる。したがって、食草の新芽、花芽などに産卵されることがもっとも多い。アゲハチョウはその幼虫の食草であるミカン科の植物に産卵し、その場合に堅い古葉を避け、新芽、若葉を選ぶが、その結果、孵化した幼虫は適当な食物上に産まれ落ちることになる。生まれたばかりの幼虫は堅い葉を食べることができないので、古葉に生まれた幼虫は新芽を探して長距離をさまよい歩かねばならず、新芽にたどり着くまでに天敵に襲われたり、また新芽にたどり着くことができず餓死するものが多い。母チョウが幼虫の食草を感知するのは、その植物から発散するにおい(化学成分)によるものである。アゲハチョウがきわめて合理的に古葉を避けて新芽、若葉に産卵するのは、新芽、若葉からのにおいの発散が古葉よりも強いので、本能的にそれに誘引されているにすぎない。 [白水 隆] 幼虫の習性孵化した幼虫は卵殻の一部または全部を食べることが多いが、その真の意味はまだよくわかっていない。幼虫は多くは食草の葉表または葉裏、あるいは枝上、幹上、ときに食草近傍の他物に静止し(その場所は種によってほぼ一定している)、若干の時間的間隔を置いて1日に数回の摂食を行うが、葉の食べ方にはそれぞれ特徴があって、葉につけられた食痕(しょくこん)によってその存在が容易にわかることもある。セセリチョウ科および特定の一部の種では幼虫は葉を折り返したり、つづったりして巣をつくり、その中に隠れる。また、タテハチョウ科の一部の種では、幼虫の若齢時代に葉の一部をかみ切ってカーテン状に垂らしてその奥に隠れたり、食べ残した葉の中脈の先端に糞(ふん)を吐糸でくっつけてそこに身を潜めて天敵の目をくらませたりして身を守るものがある。幼虫は数回の脱皮後、老熟して蛹となるが、幼虫の齢数(脱皮回数)は種によって一定しており、たとえばシジミチョウ科では4齢、アゲハチョウ科、シロチョウ科では5齢が原則、タテハチョウ科では5、6齢である。しかし、この齢数は種により絶対的に決まっているのではなく、5齢を経過すべきアゲハ属Papilioの幼虫が4齢で蛹化したり、6齢で蛹化したりすることもある。アゲハ属の場合の齢数の増加は、不良な栄養条件によって引き起こされるものと考えられる。 [白水 隆] 蛹化老熟した幼虫は一般に蛹化場所を求めて移動し、垂蛹となるものは蛹化場所に吐糸して糸株をつくり、それに尾脚の鉤をかけて垂下するが、帯蛹となるものは糸株に尾脚の鉤をかけ、さらに吐糸で負ぶい紐をつくり、それを後胸部にかけて体を固定する。このときには幼虫の体は縮んで、その色彩はやや透き通った感じとなるが、この状態を前蛹とよぶ。前蛹はおよそ1、2日で脱皮して蛹となる。 このように卵、幼虫、蛹の期間の長さは温度によって左右され、高温で短く、低温で長くなるのが一般である。もっとも休眠状態にあるものでは、温度の高低はその期間の長さに関係しない。 [白水 隆] 季節型の成因チョウは種類によって著しい季節的変異を現すものがある。すなわち、発生する季節によってはねの色彩や模様が違うのである。日本産でもっとも顕著な例はアカマダラやサカハチチョウで、春型と夏型は一見すると別種のようにみえる。タテハモドキの季節型も同様で、夏型は翅形が丸みを帯び、はねの裏面には明瞭な目玉模様が現れるが、秋型ははねがとがり、裏面は枯れ葉模様となって目玉模様は消失する。このような季節的な成虫の変異は、幼虫時代の日長(一日中の昼の長さ)と温度で決まるが、おもな要因は日長である。タテハモドキの場合、その幼虫を25℃という一定条件の温度のもとで、長日(13時間以上)で飼育すると夏型になり、短日(12時間以下)で飼育すると秋型になる。高温は夏型化を促進し、低温は秋型化を促進する。このことは、キチョウ、ツマグロキチョウの同様な実験からも明らかである。日長は6月下旬でもっとも長く、12月下旬がもっとも短い。秋になって短日に向かい、温度が下がってくると秋型が発生してくるわけはこれで理解できる。成虫で冬を越す秋型は生理的には休眠型であり、低温に耐えて越冬できるが、夏型にはその能力がなく、これは不良な環境に対する適応である。夏型と秋型、春型と夏型を分ける日長(これを臨界日長という)は種によって多少は違っているが、それはおよそ12時間と13時間の間にある。 [白水 隆] 雌雄間の認知チョウの雄が同じ種の雌をどうして認知するか(またはその逆の場合)という問題はまだよくわかっていない。モンシロチョウは人間の目には雄も雌も白く見えるが、紫外線写真を撮ってみると、雄は黒く、雌は白い。昆虫の視覚は人間の可視域よりかなり紫外線(短波長)のほうに偏っており、モンシロチョウの見えている世界は人間とはかなり違っているらしい。ナミアゲハの雄は、ある大きさの範囲の黄と黒の縞(しま)模様に引き付けられる。黄と黒の縞模様は、すなわち雌のはねの模様であるが、その模様は色紙でつくった人造物でもその効果は同様である。ガの場合は、雌がそれぞれの種に特有のフェロモンという一種の化学物質を出し、雄はそのフェロモンに誘われて雌のところに集まってくる。チョウの場合はガと違い、まず視覚によって雌の存在を探知する。 [白水 隆] 日本産チョウの分類日本産のチョウは、普通次の2上科、9科に分類される。 〔1〕セセリチョウ上科Hesperoidea セセリチョウ科Hesperiidaeの1科のみが含まれる。 〔2〕アゲハチョウ上科Papilionoidea アゲハチョウ科Papilionidae、シロチョウ科Pieridae、シジミチョウ科Lycaenidae、ウラギンシジミ科Curetidae、テングチョウ科Libytheidae、マダラチョウ科Danaidae、タテハチョウ科Nymphalidae、ジャノメチョウ科Satyridaeの8科が含まれる。 以上のうち、ウラギンシジミ科を分けずに、これをシジミチョウ科に入れる場合も多い。また、マダラチョウ科、ジャノメチョウ科をタテハチョウ科のなかに含め、それぞれをタテハチョウ科のなかの亜科とすることもある。しかし、前記の8科に含まれる種はそれぞれ一つの自然群となっていることは疑いなく、それを科とするか亜科とするかはほかとの比較の問題であって、本質的にとくに重要なことではない。 [白水 隆] 人間生活との関係チョウは花とともに自然界でもっとも美しいものの一つとして、古くから人間に親しまれてきた。したがって文学、芸術上に取り上げられている例が多い。日本では郵便切手の図案となったものは、現在のところ国蝶のオオムラサキのほか、ミカドアゲハ、ギフチョウ、モンシロチョウ、ウスバキチョウ、キリシマミドリシジミの6種にすぎないが、外国ではチョウの切手はきわめて多く発行されている。明治時代以降、チョウのはねを装飾用に利用することが考えられ、コップの受け皿、盆、しおり、テーブルクロスなどにチョウのはねがはめ込まれて商品として販売されている。近年、展翅標本を額縁や標本箱に収めたものが装飾用として市販されるようになった。 農業上の害虫としては、日本では、幼虫がイネを害するイチモンジセセリ(ハマクリムシ、ツトムシ)、キャベツにつくモンシロチョウ(アオムシ)、栽培豆類の実を食害するシジミチョウの仲間(ウラナミシジミ、オジロシジミなど)、ミカンの苗木について害を与えるナミアゲハ、最近、沖縄本島に侵入してバナナの葉を食害するバナナセセリなどがあるが、とくに著しい害を与えるようなものはない。衛生害虫となるものは皆無である。全般的にはチョウは人間に対しては害より益のほうが大きいと判断される。 [白水 隆] 民俗不気味なチョウの飛び舞うさまは、死者の魂の行き交うさまと結び付けられている。『和漢三才図会(わかんさんさいずえ)』68には、越中(えっちゅう)立山(たてやま)の地獄道の地蔵堂について、「毎歳七月十五日ノ夜、胡蝶(こちょう)数多(あまた)出テ此(こ)ノ原ニ遊舞ス、呼(よび)テ生霊市(しょうりょういち)ト曰(い)フ」と記されている。そのほかの地方でも、盆のころの黒いチョウは仏様の乗り物とされ、夜のチョウはその使いなどと伝えられる。 一般に、チョウが家に入ると盗人(ぬすっと)がくる、病人が死ぬなどというように、よくないことのしるしと考えられているが、土地によっては、チョウが家に入ると金が集まる、縁談がくるなどといって、逆にめでたいことのしるしとも考えられている。このほか、オコリチョウをとらえると、「瘧(おこり)」という病を患うとか、ミヤジマチョウを殺すと、宮島参りの舟が沈むなどと戒められており、チョウが家に入ると、雨が降るなどというような、天気の予知に関する伝えも少なくない。チョウのさなぎは種油につけて傷薬に用いるなど、民間療法に属することも知られている。 [大島建彦] ビルマ語では肉体を離れやすいと信じられている霊魂のことを「蝶霊」とよぶという。チョウがはねをばたつかせるような音をたてて飛ぶからだといい、「蝶霊」が身体から抜け出ると、その人物は病気になり、それが永久に戻らなければ死を意味すると考えられていた。このような肉体からの離脱が可能な霊魂の観念は、全世界的に存在し、もっとも多くは鳥と結び付けられるが、チョウとの結合も、鳥の場合と同様、その飛ぶという属性が大きく関与していると考えられる。『荘子(そうじ)』のなかには夢で蝴蝶(こちょう)になるという有名な逸話がある。また、北アメリカの先住民であるピマの神話では、創造主がチョウの姿になって人々に適したよい土地をみつけるために飛び続けるという。南アメリカのデサナの人々が恐れる精霊は、背中を美しい南アメリカ特有の青いチョウで覆われているが、この場合のチョウは彼らにとっては凶兆である。一方、チョウが吉兆となることもあり、ドイツではチョウは子供を連れてくるといわれ、アメリカではチョウが家に迷い込むのは近く結婚がある知らせだともいわれる。 [横山廣子] 文学早く『懐風藻(かいふうそう)』に「柳絮(りうじょ)も未(いま)だ飛ばねば蝶先(てふま)づ舞ひ」(紀古麻呂(きのふるまろ))とあり、漢詩文からの風物らしい。『荘子』の「蝶の夢」の故事はとくによく知られ、和歌にも詠まれている。和歌の例はあまり多くはないが、「散りぬれば後はあくたになる花を思ひ知らずもまどふてふかな」(『古今集』物名(もののな)・遍昭(へんじょう))には「蝶」が懸けて詠まれているといわれ、『古今六帖(ろくじょう)』6にも2首が収められ、『うつほ物語』「藤原の君」にも蝶の歌がみえる。『枕草子(まくらのそうし)』「虫は」の段に名を連ね、「三条の宮におはします頃(ころ)」の段の「みな人の花や蝶やといそぐ日も我が心をば君は知りける」という皇后定子(ていし)の歌に詠まれている。『源氏物語』には「蝶」「胡蝶(こちょう)」として4例みえる。『堤中納言(つつみちゅうなごん)物語』「虫めづる姫君」には、「人々の花や蝶やめづるこそはかなくあやしけれ」といって、毛虫をかわいがる風変わりな姫君が登場する。季題は春。「蝶の飛ぶばかり野中の日影かな」(芭蕉(ばしょう))。 [小町谷照彦] 『井上寛・白水隆他著『原色昆虫大図鑑Ⅰ 蝶蛾篇』(1959・北隆館)』▽『朝比奈正二郎他著『動物系統分類学 第7巻 上中下』(1970~1972・中山書店)』▽『安松京三・朝比奈正二郎他著『現代生物学大系 第2巻』(1973・中山書店)』▽『P・スマート著、白水隆監修『世界蝶の百科 日本語版』(1978・秀潤社)』▽『福田晴夫他著『原色日本蝶類生態図鑑Ⅰ~Ⅳ』(1982~1984・保育社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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