China Alliance - China Alliance

The first nationwide revolutionary political party with a clear platform in China. During the process of reorganizing the ruling system of the Qing Dynasty after the Boxer Rebellion (the New Politics Movement), the dispatch of students to study abroad and the establishment of schools were encouraged, which led to an increase in the number of educated young people, but with Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 and the influence of the Russian Revolution, revolutionary forces began to gather, centering on students studying abroad. In the summer of that year, with the arrival of Sun Yat-sen in Japan, Huang Xing, Song Jiaoren, Miyazaki Torazo (Toten) and others devised a plan to unite various revolutionary factions, such as the Xingzhonghui, Huaxinghui, and Guangfuhui, and after discussions among representatives from 17 provinces across the country excluding Gansu, the founding convention was held in Tokyo on August 20th, with over 300 members. Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing were made chairman and vice-chairman, and three departments were established: executive, council, and judiciary, with responsible persons appointed for each ministry. In November, the journal Minbao was published, and in his "Announcement of Publication," Sun Yat-sen clarified for the first time the theoretical system of the three major principles of ethnicity, civil rights, and people's livelihood (the Three Principles of the People). After this, the revolutionaries advocated a democratic-republican revolution and debated with the reformists who aimed for a constitutional monarchy, but the circulation of Minbao reached 40,000 to 50,000 copies, and it was secretly brought into China and had a great influence. In addition, the "Revolutionary Strategy," which determined the procedure for the development of the revolution, was also established, and several anti-Qing armed struggles were carried out mainly in southern China, including the Pingxiang Incident in 1906, and the Xinhai Revolution was prepared. With the establishment of the Republic of China, it became an open political party, and was then reorganized into the Kuomintang.

[Yutaka Nozawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国で最初の明確な綱領をもった、全国規模の革命政党。義和団事件後の、清(しん)朝の支配体制の再編過程（新政運動）に、留学生の派遣や、学校設立が奨励されたことから、知識青年の数的増大がもたらされたが、1905年の日露戦争における日本の勝利と、ロシア革命の影響のもとに、留学生を中心に革命勢力の結集が進んだ。同年夏、孫文(そんぶん)の来日を機に、黄興(こうこう)、宋教仁(そうきょうじん)、宮崎寅蔵(とらぞう)（滔天(とうてん)）らの画策により、興中会、華興(かこう)会、光復会など革命諸派の大同団結が図られ、甘粛(かんしゅく)省を除く全国17省の代表による討議を経て、8月20日に東京で結成大会が開かれて、加盟者は300余名に上った。孫文と黄興を正・副会長とし、執行、評議、司法の三部を置き、各省の責任者を決めた。11月、機関誌『民報』が発行されたが、孫文は「発刊の詞」において、初めて民族・民権・民生の三大主義（三民主義）の理論体系を明確化した。こののち、革命派は民主共和の革命を唱えて、君主立憲を目ざす改良派と論戦を交えたが、『民報』の発行部数は4、5万部に上り、ひそかに中国国内に持ち込まれて、大きな影響を与えた。また、革命展開の手順を決めた「革命方略」も定められて、1906年の萍郷(ひょうきょう)事件をはじめ、中国南方を中心に数次の反清武装闘争が展開され、辛亥(しんがい)革命が準備されていった。中華民国の成立に伴って公開政党とされ、ついで国民党に改組された。

［野澤　豊］

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