It is a general term for a vessel for holding matcha (green tea), but generally it is the general term for a ceramic tea vessel for holding matcha for thick tea (koicha). It is usually accompanied by an ivory lid and a bag called a shifuku made of antique cloth such as brocade, donsu, or kandou, and is stored in a wooden container made of rosewood, ebony, or silverleaf, or a lacquered container, which is then stored in a box. In terms of size, it is usually about 4.5 to 12.3 centimeters high and 5 to 7 centimeters in diameter. [Kouichi Tsutsui] Chinese tea caddyDepending on the place of origin, they are classified as Karamono (made in China), Wamono (made in Japan), and Shimamono (made in Southeast Asia), with Karamono being the most highly valued. Karamono are divided into Han-made Karamono and Karamono, and those made during the Song to Ming dynasties are known to have been produced. Han-made ware is made of fine, smooth clay, thinly cut and covered with a brown glaze, and is characterized by its light weight. It is unclear when tea caddies were first introduced to Japan, but according to legend, when Eisai, who introduced the Zen teaching of Rinzai, returned from Song in 1191 (Kenkyu 2), he brought back a tea caddy containing tea seeds and presented it to Myoe Shonin, which was a persimmon jar. It is said that the tea caddy with the inscription Koga Katatsutsuki was brought back by Zen master Dogen when he returned from Song in 1227 (Ansei 1). In China, they were originally made as miscellaneous utensils such as ointment jars, perfume jars, and medicinal jars, but they began to be highly valued after they were featured in the appreciation of the art of the Japanese tea ceremony. An early example of this is the Kundai Kansochoki from the Tozan period. As Yoshimasa Ashikaga's love of Chinese things rose, many Chinese paintings were published, and 19 kinds of illustrations were drawn in the "Matcha Pots" including eggplant, rotei (donkey's hoof), large shoulder, small shoulder, large sea, round pot, string pot, donkey's hoof water jar, hand pot, food jar, hand copper, gourd, ground tea, barrel, western tea, tea kettle, Hitachi obi, tea caddy, and crane neck. However, the name of the pot at that time was matcha pot, and the name of tea caddy was born later. The name "cha caddy" was first used for lacquerware tea utensils, as seen in the Matsuya Kaiki in 1544 (Tenbun 13) as the "Kurikuri Yakuro Tea Caddy" and the "Kinrinji Caddy." The name "cha caddy" was first used for tea utensils made in the Chinese style, which were named after their shapes, such as "shoulder bump" or "eggplant," or by inscriptions such as "Nitta" or "Hatsuhana," in the Tennojiya Kaiki on January 9, 1549 (Tenbun 18). [Kouichi Tsutsui] Tea caddy kilnIt was during the Momoyama and Edo periods that Japanese tea caddies began to be used in the early world of tea ceremony, which was dominated by Chinese items. As for Japanese tea caddies, Seto kilns, which are said to have been established in the Kamakura period, began to make copies of Chinese tea caddies, and as wabi-chao (a tea ceremony of wabi) became more sophisticated, they began to be fired in greater numbers. The kilns in which these caddies were fired are divided into Heishi kilns (Koseto, Shunkei), Machuko, Kinkazan, Hafu kilns, and Atogama. Heishi kilns produce tea caddies made by the original Toshiro and Shunkei, and this type is known as Koseto. The Shinchu-era tea caddies were made by the second Toujiro and include tea caddies such as Hashihime-te, Noda-te, and Ogawa-te, while the Kinkazan (second-hand items) were made by the third Tojiro and include Asukagawa-te and Hirosawa-te. The Hafu-gama (second-hand items) were made by the fourth Toujiro and include tea caddies such as Okina-te, Shibukami-te, and Tamagawa-te. The Go-gama tea caddies are tea caddies fired in Seto and Kyoto during the Rikyu, Oribe, and Enshu periods, and include caddies by makers such as Sohaku, Shoi, Chausuya, Man'emon, Shinbei, Yoshibei, and Moemon. In the Momoyama period, tea caddies began to be fired in places other than Seto, and are known as Kuni-yaki. These kilns include those in Karatsu (Saga prefecture), Takatori (Fukuoka prefecture), Bizen (Okayama prefecture), Satsuma (Kagoshima prefecture), Tamba (Hyogo prefecture), Iga (Mie prefecture), Shigaraki (Shiga prefecture), Omuro (Kyoto prefecture), Agano (Fukuoka prefecture), Zeze (Shiga prefecture), and Shitoro (Shizuoka prefecture). [Kouichi Tsutsui] Classification of famous tea caddiesSince ancient times, famous tea caddies have been given the titles of daimeibutsu (great famous object), chūkou meibutsu (middle-age famous object), and meibutsu (famous object). Matsudaira Fumai, in his Kokon Meibutsu Ruiju (Collection of Ancient and Modern Famous Objects), classified them as chūkou meibutsu tea caddies, daimeibutsu tea caddies, and gogama kokuyaki (later kokuyaki), and in the Unshū Meibutsu Cho (Unshū Kuracho) they were ranked in five categories: treasury, daimeibutsu (great famous object), chūkou meibutsu (middle-age famous object), meibu nami (famous object average), and meibu jō (middle-age famous object), and these names became established. Daimeibutsu refers to Higashiyama Gyobutsu (Eastern Imperial Treasures) and other famous objects of a similar nature, including Chinese-made Chinese tea caddies and old Seto. Chukou meibutsu (middle-age famous object) were selected as objects next to daimeibutsu during the Kobori Enshu period, and originally included some Chinese tea caddies, some old Seto, and Seto tea caddies from the Middle Ages and later, but later came to include other utensils. A famous tea caddy is one that has been famous since the time of Rikyu, but does not belong to any category. Most of the surviving famous tea caddies are collected in Takahashi Soan's "Taisho Meiki Kan" (1921). [Kouichi Tsutsui] Highlights of tea caddiesTea caddies are looked at for their overall shape and the tone of the glaze, as well as five other points: the rim, shoulders, body, waist, and itokiri (thread cutting), and a tea caddy that is in perfect condition is considered the best. For the rim, the state of its twisting is considered important; for the shoulders, the way they are attached (nadegata, round, stepped, etc.); for the body, the way the dohimo (body strings) are attached; for the waist, the state of the glaze edge; and for the itokiri, the wheel marks on the tatami-tsuki (folding) and bon-tsuki (serving tray) on the bottom. It is generally believed that itokiri that goes counterclockwise is Chinese and that goes clockwise is Japanese, but this cannot be determined in general. In any case, tea caddies are viewed as one of the highlights of the tea ceremony. [Kouichi Tsutsui] ©Katsuya Nishikawa "> Names of the various parts of a tea caddy Matcha jar shapes. Large shoulder joint, small shoulder joint, round jar, donkey's hoof. Manuscript of "Kindai Kansochoki" held at the National Diet Library . Tea caddy in the Kimidai Kansochoki Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
抹茶(まっちゃ)を入れる器の総称であるが、一般的には濃茶(こいちゃ)用の抹茶を入れる陶製の茶器の総名。通常は象牙(ぞうげ)の蓋(ふた)と、金襴(きんらん)、緞子(どんす)、間道(かんどう)などの古裂(こぎれ)でできた仕服(しふく)といわれる袋が添えられ、シタン、コクタン、タガヤサンの材、あるいは塗り物の容器でつくった挽家(ひきや)に納められ、さらに箱に入れて保管するようになっている。大きさとしては、だいたい4.5センチメートルから12.3センチメートルほどの高さに、5センチメートルから7センチメートルほどの胴径をもつのが普通である。 [筒井紘一] 唐物茶入産地によって唐物(からもの)(中国産)、和物(日本産)、島物(しまもの)(東南アジア産)に分けられるが、とりわけ唐物がもっとも珍重されてきた。唐物は漢作(かんさく)唐物と唐物に分けられ、宋(そう)から明(みん)代に焼かれたものが伝えられている。漢作は細かくて滑らかな土で薄作りした上に褐色釉(ゆう)がかけられており、手持ちの軽いのを特色としている。茶入が初めて渡来した時期は不明であるが、伝承によれば、臨済禅を伝えた栄西(えいさい)が1191年(建久2)宋から帰朝したとき、茶の種子を入れた茶入を持ち帰り、明恵上人(みょうえしょうにん)に贈ったのが柿漢蔕(かきのあやのへた)茶入であったといわれ、久我肩衝(こがかたつき)銘のある茶入は道元(どうげん)禅師が1227年(安貞1)に宋から帰国する際に持ち帰ったといわれている。中国においては、もともと膏薬壺(こうやくつぼ)、香料壺、薬種壺などの雑器として製作されたものであったが、貴重視されるようになったのは、日本の茶の湯芸術の鑑識のなかで取り上げられてからである。その早い例が東山時代の『君台観左右帳記(くんだいかんそうちょうき)』であった。足利義政(あしかがよしまさ)による唐物数寄(すき)の高揚とともに唐絵(からえ)が多く取り上げられたのと同時に、「抹茶(すりちゃ)壺事」として、茄子(なす)、ろてい(驢蹄)、大肩衝(おおかたつき)、小肩衝、大海(たいかい)、丸壺、弦(つる)壺、驢蹄口の水指(みずさし)、手甕(てがめ)、餌畚(えふご)、飯銅(はんどう)、瓢箪(ひょうたん)、擂茶(らいざ)、樽形(そんなり)、西施(せいし)、湯桶(ゆとう)、常陸帯(ひたちおび)、棗(なつめ)、鶴頸(つるくび)の19種の図が描かれている。しかし当時の呼称は抹茶壺であって、茶入の名称が生まれたのは、時代が下ってからのことである。茶入の名は初め塗り物の茶器などに使われており、『松屋会記』の1544年(天文13)に「クリクリノ薬籠(やくろう)茶入」「金輪寺入」と書かれている。そして、肩衝、茄子などの形状による呼び名や、新田(にった)、初花(はつはな)などの銘による呼称であった唐製の茶器に茶入の名が使われたのは、『天王寺屋会記』の1549年(天文18)正月9日の「しりふくらの茶入」が初めであった。 [筒井紘一] 茶入の窯分唐物一辺倒であった初期茶道の世界に、和物の茶入が使われるようになったのは、桃山時代から江戸時代にかけてのことである。和物の茶入としては、鎌倉時代に開窯されたとされる瀬戸窯(がま)が唐物茶入の写しをつくり始め、わび茶の湯が大成されるに応じて盛んに焼成されるようになってくる。その窯分(かまわけ)としては、瓶子窯(へいしがま)(古瀬戸、春慶(しゅんけい))、真中古(まちゅうこ)、金華山、破風窯(はふがま)、後窯(あとがま)の区別がある。瓶子窯は元祖藤四郎と春慶の作になる茶入で、古瀬戸と称されているのがこの手である。真中古は2代藤四郎の作で、橋姫手、野田手、小川手などの茶入、金華山(中古物)は3代藤次郎の作で、飛鳥川(あすかがわ)手、広沢手などの作品がある。破風窯(中古物)は4代藤四郎の作で、翁手、渋紙手、玉川手などの作品がある。後窯は利休(りきゅう)・織部・遠州の時代に瀬戸や京物で焼かれた茶入で、宗伯(そうはく)、正意(しょうい)、茶臼屋(ちゃうすや)、万右衛門(まんえもん)、新兵衛(しんべえ)、吉兵衛、茂右衛門(もえもん)などの作者のものがこれに属する。桃山時代になると瀬戸以外の各地においても茶入が焼成されるようになり、国焼(くにやき)といわれている。唐津(からつ)(佐賀県)、高取(たかとり)(福岡県)、備前(びぜん)(岡山県)、薩摩(さつま)(鹿児島県)、丹波(たんば)(兵庫県)、伊賀(いが)(三重県)、信楽(しがらき)(滋賀県)、御室(おむろ)(京都府)、上野(あがの)(福岡県)、膳所(ぜぜ)(滋賀県)、志戸呂(しとろ)(静岡県)などの窯である。 [筒井紘一] 名物茶入の分類古来、著名な茶入に位をつけて、大名物(おおめいぶつ)、中興(ちゅうこう)名物、名物の名が冠されてきた。松平不昧(ふまい)は『古今名物類聚(ここんめいぶつるいじゅう)』で、中興名物茶入、大名物茶入、後窯国焼と分類し、『雲州(うんしゅう)名物帳』(雲州蔵帳)で、宝物、大名物、中興名物、名物並、名物上の5部に格づけされて、この呼称は定着した。大名物とは東山御物(ひがしやまぎょぶつ)やこれに準ずる名物のことで、漢作唐物茶入と古瀬戸をさす。中興名物とは小堀遠州時代に大名物に次ぐものとして選定されたもので、元来は唐物茶入の一部、古瀬戸の一部、真中古以後の瀬戸茶入の格づけであったが、のちには他の道具にまで及んでいる。名物とは、利休時代から著名ではあったが、いずれにも属さないものを称している。こうした名物茶入のなかで現存するもののほとんどを収めたのが、高橋箒庵(そうあん)の『大正名器鑑(かん)』(1921)である。 [筒井紘一] 茶入の見どころ茶入は、全体の形姿と釉薬の調子、さらに口、肩、胴、腰、糸切(いときり)の5か所をとって見どころとし、そのいずれもが整っているものを最上とする。口造(くちづくり)はその捻(ひね)り返しの状態、肩は撫肩(なでがた)、丸肩、段肩などの肩のつき方、胴は胴紐(どうひも)のつけ方、腰は釉際(くすりぎわ)の状態、糸切は底面の畳付(たたみつき)、盆付(ぼんつき)のろくろ目の跡を鑑賞することになっている。糸切は左回りが唐物、右回りが和物であると定説されているが一概には決定できない。ともあれ、茶席の眼目の一つとして茶入は鑑賞されている。 [筒井紘一] ©西川勝也"> 茶入の各部名称 抹茶壺図形。大肩衝、小肩衝、丸壺、驢蹄。『君台観左右帳記』 写本国立国会図書館所蔵"> 『君台観左右帳記』にみる茶入 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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