Irving Langmuir

Japanese: ラングミュア - らんぐみゅあ(英語表記)Irving Langmuir
Irving Langmuir

American physical chemist. A pioneer in interface chemistry. Born in Brooklyn, New York. After studying metallurgical engineering at Columbia University, he studied at the University of Göttingen in Germany, where he was taught by Nernst. In 1909, he joined the General Electric Company's research laboratory, where he studied the gases in tungsten light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and in 1913 invented the gas-filled light bulb. He also argued that the forces involved in evaporation, condensation, and adsorption are the same kind as the forces of chemical bonds, proposed the concept of monolayer adsorption, and derived the famous "Langmuir adsorption isotherm," which states that an equilibrium is established between the adsorption rate and evaporation rate on a solid surface. His first paper was published in 1916, and his second the following year in 1917, opening up a new field known as interface chemistry. In 1921, he applied this theory to catalytic reactions, and for the first time elucidated the physical basis of solid catalytic action. This theory was later expanded by Hinshelwood. He studied the issue of chemical bonding in relation to interfacial phenomena, and in 1919 developed G.N. Lewis's theory of atomic valence to explain the chemical properties of many substances. He is regarded as a pioneer of today's chemical bond theory. He also invented the vacuum gauge, condensation pump, and high-pressure rectifier, devised the Langmuir water tank and the Langmuir-Blodgett method of creating accumulated films on solid surfaces, and conducted research into artificial rain using silver iodide. He held a total of 138 personal patents. In 1932 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on interface chemistry.

[Tokiwano Kazuo]

[Reference] | Catalytic reaction | Monolayer | Light bulb | Lewis

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの物理化学者。界面化学の開拓者。ニューヨーク州ブルックリンに生まれる。コロンビア大学の冶金(やきん)工学科で学んだのち、ドイツのゲッティンゲン大学に留学し、ネルンストの指導を受けた。1909年ゼネラル・エレクトリック社の研究所に入り、タングステン電球や真空管中の気体の研究を行い、1913年ガス入り電球を発明した。また蒸発、凝縮、吸着などに関与する力は化学結合の力と同種のものであると論じ、単分子層吸着の概念を提出、固体表面の吸着速度と蒸発速度の間に平衡が成立するとして有名な「ラングミュアの吸着等温式」を導いた。その第一論文は1916年、第二論文は翌1917年発表され、ここに界面化学という新しい分野が開かれた。1921年この理論を触媒反応に適用し、固体の触媒作用の物理的基礎を初めて解明、この理論はのちにヒンシェルウッドによって拡張された。界面現象と関連して化学結合の問題を考察し、1919年にはG・N・ルイスの原子価理論を発展させて多くの物質の化学的性質を説明した。今日の化学結合論の先駆として評価されている。そのほか真空計、凝結式ポンプ、高圧整流管の発明、ラングミュアの水槽や固体表面上に累積膜をつくるラングミュア‐ブロジェット法の考案、ヨウ化銀による人工降雨の研究もあり、所有した個人特許の数は138に及ぶ。1932年界面化学の業績によりノーベル化学賞を受賞した。

[常盤野和男]

[参照項目] | 接触反応 | 単分子膜 | 電球 | ルイス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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