It is the dose of a drug that causes death in a living organism, and is considered a general indicator of the acute toxicity of a drug. The dose that is sufficient to kill all test animals is called the lethal dose (LD) of that animal, and the minimum dose that causes death is called the minimum lethal dose (MLD). It is usually expressed in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Since living organisms have large individual differences in their response to drugs, and the minimum lethal dose has a large numerical variance, the 50% lethal dose (also called the median lethal dose, LD50) is calculated using statistical methods to determine the amount of drug that will kill 50% of the test animals under certain conditions, and this is the widely used value. The type, sex, weight, observation period, etc. of the test animals are set under certain conditions, and the 50% lethal dose value is calculated for each drug administration method (oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal injection, etc.), and the acute toxicity of the drug is judged comprehensively. The effectiveness of a drug is measured using the 50% effective dose (ED50), which is calculated in the same way as the 50% lethal dose. The value obtained by dividing the lethal dose by the effective dose is called the margin of safety, and is used as an index of drug safety. [Fumiji Koho] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生体を死亡させる薬物の用量のことで、薬物の急性毒性を表す一般的な指標とされている。試験動物をすべて死に至らしめるに足る用量をその動物の致死量lethal dose(LD)といい、死をきたす限界の最小量を最小致死量minimum lethal dose(MLD)という。通例、体重1キログラム当りのミリグラムで表す。生体は薬物に対する個体差が大きく、しかも最小致死量では数値のばらつきが大きいので、一定条件下で試験動物数の50%を死亡させる薬物量を統計学的手法を用いて計算して出したのが50%致死量(半数致死量、LD50ともいう)であり、これが広く用いられている。試験動物の種類、性別、体重、観察期間などを一定条件に整え、薬物の投与方法(経口、皮下、筋肉注射、静脈注射、腹腔(ふくくう)内注射など)ごとの50%致死量の値を出し、総合的にその薬物の急性毒性を判定する。 なお、薬物の効果の測定については、50%致死量と同様の方法で求める50%有効量effective dose 50%(ED50)が用いられる。致死量を有効量で割った値を安全域といい、薬の安全性の一指標とされる。 [幸保文治] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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