Timbuktu is an ancient city in central Mali, West Africa. It is located on the north bank of the bend in the middle Niger River. It has a population of 34,600 (estimated in 2002). It is a representative historical city in the Sudan region and was called the "mysterious city". The city was registered as a cultural heritage of the World Heritage Sites (World Cultural Heritage) in 1988. It was added to the list of endangered heritage in 1990, but was removed from the list in 2005 due to measures taken to improve the situation. However, it was destroyed by armed groups and was added to the list of endangered heritage again in 2012. The city is located in the Sahara Desert a few kilometers north of the Niger River, and is connected to the Niger River by a waterway. It was a stopover for nomads until the 12th century, but later developed as a junction between the Saharan caravan route and the Sudan region, and traded salt from the Sahara with gold, ivory, coke, and slaves from the southern region. In the 14th century, a mosque was built, and many pilgrims came to visit, and the city developed greatly during the reign of King Mansa Musa of the Mali Empire. It was connected to North African countries and Egypt by caravan routes, and a university teaching the Quran was established, making it a cultural center. In 1468, it came under the control of the Songhai Empire, and at its peak in the first half of the 16th century, it was the largest Islamic city in West Africa with a population of 45,000. Leo Africanus, who visited the city at that time, said, "There are many judges, scholars, and clergy here. There is a great demand for books (manuscripts) from North African countries, which is greater than other commercial transactions." In 1590, due to a dispute over salt mines, the Saadian dynasty of Morocco sent troops to occupy the city and made it the capital of the Saadian satrapy. From this time, the base of the caravan route moved east to Gao, and the city declined. It has long been known in Europe as a "phantom city," and in 1828, the Frenchman René Caillié (1799-1838) reached it after much hardship. At the end of the 19th century, it became a French territory. Today, it is just a provincial city, with an old mosque reminiscent of its past glory. There are handicraft industries such as leather and joinery. There is an airport and a river port, but tourists arrive by air. [Hiroshi Fujii] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
西アフリカ、マリ中部にある古都。英語ではティンブクトゥTimbuktuという。ニジェール川中流の湾曲部北岸に位置する。人口3万4600(2002推計)。スーダン地方の代表的歴史都市で「神秘の都」と称せられた。この都市は1988年に世界遺産の文化遺産(世界文化遺産)として登録された。1990年に危機遺産リスト入りしたが、改善措置がとられたため2005年にリストから削除。しかし武装勢力による破壊などを受け、2012年にふたたび危険遺産リスト入りしている。市街はニジェール川から数キロメートル北のサハラ砂漠にあり、ニジェール川とは水路で結ばれている。12世紀まで遊牧民の泊地であったが、その後サハラ隊商路とスーダン地方との接点として発展し、サハラの塩と南の地方の金、象牙(ぞうげ)、コーラ、奴隷との交易が行われた。14世紀にはモスクが建設され、多くの巡礼者が訪れるようになり、マリ帝国マンサ・ムーサ王の時代に大発展を遂げた。北アフリカ諸国やエジプトなどと隊商路で結ばれ、コーランを教える大学も設置され、文化の中心地でもあった。1468年ソンガイ帝国の支配下に入り、最盛期の16世紀前半には、4万5000の人口をもつ西アフリカ最大のイスラム都市であった。当時この町を訪れたレオ・アフリカヌスは「ここには、多くの裁判官、学者、聖職者がいる。北アフリカ諸国からの書籍(手稿本)の需要が多く、他の商取引より大きい」と述べている。1590年、塩山をめぐる紛争から、サード朝モロッコが軍を送って占領し、ここをモロッコ太守領の首都とした。このころから隊商路の拠点が東のガオに移り衰微した。ヨーロッパには長く「幻の都市」として知られ、1828年フランス人ルネ・カイエRené Caillié(1799―1838)が苦労のすえ到達した。19世紀末にはフランス領となった。現在は単なる地方都市で、古いモスクが過去の栄華をしのばせている。皮革、建具などの手工業がある。空港、河港があるが観光客は空路で訪れる。 [藤井宏志] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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