Collective bargaining - dantaikosho

Japanese: 団体交渉 - だんたいこうしょう
Collective bargaining - dantaikosho

It refers to negotiations between a labor union and an employer or employers' organization regarding various issues in labor-management relations, including working conditions. Workers who are in a weak position vis-à-vis their employers in individual relationships can only negotiate on an equal footing with employers by forming a labor union and using that power to achieve collective bargaining, thereby maintaining and improving working conditions and otherwise improving the status of workers.

Historically, employers have always refused to negotiate collectively with labor unions, and if they tried to force negotiations, the labor unions would be held criminally liable for crimes such as forcing a meeting or trespassing. Therefore, the recognition of the right to organize meant that employers recognized labor unions as counterparts in collective bargaining, and that they would not be held criminally or civilly liable against those who carried out the negotiations.

Today, collective bargaining is the primary means by which labor unions resolve all issues in labor-management relations, and because the guarantee of the right to organize means that employers are obligated to negotiate in good faith with labor unions, collective bargaining plays a major role in forming rules for voluntary labor-management relations.

In Japan, Article 28 of the Constitution stipulates that the right of collective bargaining is guaranteed to all labor unions, regardless of their size. In addition, because the same article stipulates that "the right to collective bargaining and other collective actions" is guaranteed, criminal and civil immunity is granted for certain collective actions associated with collective bargaining.

Based on the constitutional guarantee of the right to collective bargaining, Article 1 of the Labor Union Law states that the purpose of the law is "to improve the status of workers by promoting equality in negotiations between workers and employers, to protect the right of workers to organize and organize trade unions voluntarily in order to select their own representatives to negotiate on working conditions and to take other collective actions, and to assist in collective bargaining and the procedures for concluding labor agreements that regulate the relationship between employers and workers." Article 7, paragraph 2, stipulates that an employer's refusal to negotiate collective bargaining is an unfair labor practice, and provides for administrative relief through the Labor Relations Commission (Article 27). The law embodies the constitutional guarantee of the right to collective bargaining by imposing an obligation to accept collective bargaining on employers who do not accept collective bargaining in good faith. However, the employer's obligation to accept collective bargaining does not necessarily include the obligation to reach a settlement or conclude an agreement, and when collective bargaining fails to reach an agreement, the problem is resolved through industrial action.

Although the right to collective bargaining is guaranteed for public servants, only registered employee organizations can bargain collectively. Moreover, not only are the items on which they can negotiate limited, but they are even denied the right to conclude labor agreements (Article 108-5 of the National Public Servant Law, Article 55 of the Local Public Servant Law). Furthermore, public servants are completely deprived of the right to strike, which supports collective bargaining, so their collective bargaining is, so to speak, akin to a "petition."

The actual method of collective bargaining is determined by the organizational form of the labor union and the nature of labor-management relations. Generally, in Western Europe, labor unions are organized by industry with individual membership beyond the boundaries of companies, so collective bargaining is also conducted by industry. As industrial negotiations have become institutionalized, the centralization of negotiating mechanisms and the hollowing out of workplace organizations have progressed, and the establishment and strengthening of workplace-level negotiations based on the demands of workers in the workplace has become a major challenge for the labor union movement in each country.

In contrast, collective bargaining in Japan has been dominated by intra-company negotiations between individual companies and enterprise unions, as labor unions are organized by company. In order to overcome the weaknesses of this enterprise-level negotiation, negotiation methods involving industry-level organizations such as unified negotiations, diagonal negotiations, joint negotiations, and collective negotiations have been adopted. In recent years, joint labor unions such as "regional unions" and "management unions" have organized non-regular workers as individual members and negotiated with the companies that employ those workers in order to resolve individual and specific issues. These types of negotiations have attracted attention as they go beyond the framework of traditional intra-company negotiations.

[Hiroshi Terada]

"Labour Law Practice Series 4: Collective Bargaining and Labor-Management Consultation System" by Ishii Teruhisa (1972, General Labor Research Institute)""Nomura Heiji Collected Works 3: Collective Bargaining and Collective Agreement Struggle" (1978, Labor Junposha)""Modern Labor Law Lecture Series 4: Collective Bargaining" edited by the Japanese Labor Law Association (1981, General Labor Research Institute)""Research on the Right to Collective Bargaining" revised edition by Mitsuoka Masahiro (1986, Horitsu Bunkasha)""Labour Case Law Series 12: Collective Bargaining" by Aoki Muneya et al. (1992, Labor Junposha)" ▽ "Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining - Report of the Expert Committee on the Application of ILO Conventions and Recommendations, translated and annotated by Hatsuoka Shoichi (1994, Nippon Hyoronsha)""A Theory of the Right to Collective Bargaining" by Sakamoto Shigeo (1994, Nippon Hyoronsha)""Lecture Series on 21st Century Labor Law Vol. 8" edited by the Japanese Labor Law Association "Interest Representation System and the Right to Organize" (Yuhikaku, 2000)

[Reference items] | Management unions | Company-based unions | Industrial unions | Right to strike | Right to organize | Unfair labor practices | Labor committees | Fundamental labor rights | Labor agreements | Labor union law

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

労働組合と使用者または使用者団体との間で、労働条件をはじめとする労使関係上の諸問題をめぐって行う交渉をいう。個別的な関係では使用者に対して弱い立場にある労働者は、労働組合を結成し、その力を背景とした団体交渉によって初めて使用者と対等の立場で交渉し、労働条件の維持・改善、その他労働者の地位の向上を図ることができる。

 歴史的にみれば、使用者はつねに労働組合との団体交渉を拒否してきたし、あえて交渉を強要すれば、労働組合は面会強要罪、建造物侵入罪などの刑事責任を問われた。したがって、団結権が承認されたことは、使用者が労働組合を団体交渉の相手方として承認すること、また、交渉の実行行為者に対し刑事・民事責任を問わないことを意味していた。

 今日では、団体交渉は労働組合が労使関係上のあらゆる問題を解決するためのもっとも中心的な手段であり、団結権の保障により、使用者は労働組合と誠実に交渉する義務があることから、団体交渉が自主的な労使関係のルールを形成するうえで果たす役割は大きい。

 日本では、憲法第28条が労働者の団体交渉権保障を規定していることから、団体交渉権は規模の大小を問わずすべての労働組合に保障される。また、同条が「団体交渉その他の団体行動をする権利」を保障すると規定していることから、団体交渉に伴う一定の団体行動に対しては刑事・民事免責が認められる。

 憲法の団体交渉権保障を受けて、労働組合法第1条は、「労働者が使用者との交渉において対等の立場に立つことを促進することにより労働者の地位を向上させること、労働者がその労働条件について交渉するために自ら代表者を選出することその他の団体行動を行うために自主的に労働組合を組織し、団結することを擁護すること並びに使用者と労働者との関係を規制する労働協約を締結するための団体交渉をすること及びその手続を助成することを目的」とし、第7条2号で使用者による団交拒否を不当労働行為の一つとして規定し、労働委員会による行政救済を設けている(27条)。団体交渉に誠実に応じようとしない使用者に団交応諾義務を課すことで、憲法の団交権保障を具体化しているのである。しかし、使用者の団交応諾義務はかならずしも妥結・協定締結義務までも含むものではなく、団体交渉がまとまらないときは争議行為を通じて問題の解決が図られることになる。

 公務員の場合には団体交渉権が保障されているにもかかわらず、登録された職員団体しか団体交渉を行えない。そのうえ、交渉事項が限定されているばかりか、労働協約の締結権さえ否認されている(国家公務員法108条の5、地方公務員法55条)。さらに、公務員は団体交渉を支える争議権が全面的に剥奪(はくだつ)されているので、その団体交渉はいわば「陳情」に近い性格のものとなっている。

 団体交渉が実際にどのような方式で行われるかは、労働組合の組織形態や労使関係のあり方に規定される。一般に西ヨーロッパにおいては、労働組合が企業の枠を超えた個人加盟の産業別組織形態をとっていることから、団体交渉も産業別団体交渉方式となっている。産業別交渉が制度化するにしたがい交渉機構の中央集権化と職場組織の空洞化が進み、職場の労働者の要求に立脚した職場レベルの交渉の構築・強化が、各国の労働組合運動の大きな課題となってきた。

 これに対し日本の団体交渉は、労働組合が企業別組織形態であることから、個別企業と企業別組合による企業内交渉が支配的であった。この企業別交渉の弱点を克服する方向として、統一交渉、対角線交渉、共同交渉、集団交渉などの産業別組織が関与した交渉方式もとられてきた。近年、「地域ユニオン」や「管理職ユニオン」などの合同労組は、非正規労働者などをひとり組合員として組織し、その労働者が雇用されている企業と交渉をすることで、個別・具体的な問題解決を図っているが、こうした交渉形態は従来の企業内交渉の枠を超えるものとして注目される。

[寺田 博]

『石井照久著『労働法実務大系4 団体交渉・労使協議制』(1972・総合労働研究所)』『『野村平爾著作集3 団体交渉と協約闘争』(1978・労働旬報社)』『日本労働法学会編『現代労働法講座4 団体交渉』(1981・総合労働研究所)』『光岡正博著『団体交渉権の研究』新訂版(1986・法律文化社)』『青木宗也ほか著『労働判例大系12 団体交渉』(1992・労働旬報社)』『初岡昌一訳・解説『結社の自由と団体交渉――ILO条約勧告適用専門委員会報告』(1994・日本評論社)』『坂本重雄著『団体交渉権論』(1994・日本評論社)』『日本労働法学会編『講座21世紀の労働法第8巻 利益代表システムと団結権』(2000・有斐閣)』

[参照項目] | 管理職ユニオン | 企業別組合 | 産業別組合 | 争議権 | 団結権 | 不当労働行為 | 労働委員会 | 労働基本権 | 労働協約 | 労働組合法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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