Fault topography

Japanese: 断層地形 - だんそうちけい
Fault topography

The various landforms formed by faults can be broadly divided into two types: those formed by the fault movement itself (fault displacement landforms) and those caused by the susceptibility of fault fracture zones to erosion (differential erosion landforms due to faults).

The former is a unique landform formed by repeated surface displacement and deformation due to fault movement, and typical examples include fault scarps, flexural scarps, fault valleys, systematic bending of ridges and river valleys, closed cones, and fault ponds. For faults that became inactive in ancient geological times, fault displacement landforms have been lost through subsequent erosion and sedimentation, so it is believed that the fault displacement landforms identified today are the result of active faults. A similar term to fault displacement landforms is tectonic landforms, but this term includes not only fault displacement landforms but also landforms formed by wide-area crustal movements such as uplift and subsidence (such as terraces and uplifted wave-cut shelves).

The latter is a type of differential erosion topography (textured topography) that was formed when the fracture zones formed along faults by repeated fault movement are softer than the surrounding rocks and more susceptible to erosion. Examples include fault line valleys and fault saddles. Since differential erosion occurs even on faults that are no longer active, it is not possible to identify active faults based on the existence of these topography alone. Many of the linear patterns (lineaments) recognized in satellite images are also differential erosion topography caused by faults, and in order to determine whether or not these faults are active, it is necessary to check for the presence or absence of fault displacement topography on each individual fault.

[Heitaro Kaneda]

[Reference] | Faults | Topography | Fracture zones | Tectonic topography

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

断層によって形成された種々の地形をさすが、断層運動そのものによって形成されたもの(断層変位地形)と断層破砕帯の侵食されやすさに起因するもの(断層による差別侵食地形)の大きく2種類に分けられる。

 前者は、断層運動による地表変位や地表変形が繰り返されることによって形成された独特の地形であり、代表的なものとしては、断層崖(がい)、撓曲(とうきょく)崖、断層谷、尾根・河谷の系統的屈曲、閉塞(へいそく)丘、断層池などがあげられる。古い地質時代に活動を停止した断層については、その後の侵食や堆積(たいせき)によって断層変位地形が失われるため、現在確認される断層変位地形は活断層によるものであると考えられている。断層変位地形に類似する用語として変動地形があるが、これは断層変位地形に加えて、隆起・沈降などの広域の地殻変動によって形成された地形(段丘や隆起波食棚(はしょくだな)など)も含む用語である。

 後者は、繰り返す断層運動によって断層沿いに形成された破砕帯が周囲の岩石よりも軟らかく、侵食されやすいために形成されたものであり、差別侵食地形(組織地形)の一種である。断層線谷や断層鞍部(あんぶ)がこれにあたる。すでに活動を停止している断層においても差別侵食は起こるため、これらの地形のみの存在によって活断層を認定することはできない。衛星画像等で認識される線状模様(リニアメント)も、その多くが断層による差別侵食地形であり、それらの断層が活断層であるか否かを判断するには、個別に断層変位地形の有無を確認する必要がある。

[金田平太郎]

[参照項目] | 断層 | 地形 | 破砕帯 | 変動地形

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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