Darby, Abraham

Japanese: ダービー（英語表記）Darby, Abraham
Darby, Abraham
Born: 1678? Near Dudley
[Died] March 8, 1717. Madeley Court English iron maker who developed the iron making method using coke as fuel. After working in copper smelting using coke in Bristol, he founded an iron company in 1708. He established a manufacturing base in Coalbrookdale, on the River Severn, near a low-sulfur coal source. In 1709, he succeeded in producing high-value iron using a blast furnace fueled by coke. By building a furnace much larger than a coal-fired blast furnace, he demonstrated the advantages of using coke in both cost and productivity. The iron produced by Darby was of high quality and was suitable for thin castings, making it possible to produce deep-bottomed vessels such as iron pots that were comparable to brass. When Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine in 1712, he developed a new market for the production of iron cylinders. By 1758, when his eldest son Abraham Darby (1711-63) took over the business, over 100 cylinders were being produced in Coalbrookdale. In 1779, his grandson Abraham Darby III (1750-91) completed the world's first iron bridge (still standing near Coalbrookdale. → Ironbridge Gorge). In 1802, the world's first high-pressure steam engine for railways, designed by British engineer and inventor Richard Trevithick, was also manufactured at the Coalbrookdale ironworks. (→ Industrial Revolution)

Derby
Derby

A city in central England. A unitary authority. It was separated from Derbyshire County in 1997 to become a unitary authority. It is located about 180 km north-northwest of London, at the foot of the southern end of the Pennines, facing the lower reaches of the Derwent River, a tributary of the Trent River. It is an old town built near an ancient Roman fort, and its name comes from the Danes who occupied it in the 9th century, who called it Deoraby. It is famous for its "Derby ware", and ceramic production began around 1750. Since silk spinning was introduced from Italy in the early 18th century, the textile industry has developed, and in addition to silk, lace, cotton textiles, etc. have been produced. Since it became a key railway location in the 19th century, industries such as railway car manufacturing and locomotive repair have developed. Other industries include aircraft engines, machinery, chemicals, and printing. There are many historic buildings, such as the cathedral with a 16th century tower and St. Peter's Cathedral. It is the birthplace of philosopher Herbert Spencer. Area 78 km2 . Population: 233,700 (2005 estimate).

Derby
Derby

It is one of the classic races held in the UK. It has the highest prize money and is the most popular of all the races in the UK. It was founded in 1780 by the 12th Earl of Derby and others, and has never been canceled since then, except for the time when Newmarket Racecourse took over during World War I and World War II. It is held every year in early June at Epsom Racecourse in Epsom-Ewell. The various conditions such as distance and weight have changed several times over the years, and today the distance is 1.5 miles (about 2400m), and the weight is 9 st (about 57.2kg) for males and 8 st 9 pounds (about 54.9kg) for females. Races based on the Derby are held in many countries, but the various conditions are not necessarily the same. In Japan, the Tokyo Yushun (Japanese Derby) is held, and in the United States, the Kentucky Derby is held.

Derby
Darby, John Nelson

Born: November 18, 1800, London
[Died] April 29, 1882, Bournemouth. British theologian. He was a clergyman of the Church of Ireland, but he left the Church of England (1827) because he believed in the independence of religion from the state. Seeking the simplicity of the early Christian church, he formed the Plymouth Brethren with his comrades around 1830. In 1847, he created a closed sect within the Brethren called the Darbyites, and became their leader. He wrote many books and compiled a collection of hymns.

Derby
Darby, Abraham III

[Raw] 1750
[Died] 1791
He was the third generation of British ironworkers, the descendants of his grandfather (1677-1717) and his father (11-63). In 1779 he built the first iron bridge over the River Severn at his works in Coalbrookdale, Shropshire.

Derby
Derby

A town in southwestern Connecticut, USA, about 10 km west of New Haven. It once prospered as a shipbuilding and fishing town, but declined in the mid-19th century. Currently, various industries such as metal and machinery are developed. Population 12,199 (1990).

Derby
Derby

A port town at the mouth of the Fitzroy River in the northeast of Western Australia, Australia. It is a distribution center for cattle breeding in the western Kimberley Plateau. There is an irrigation area nearby, and rice cultivation is being attempted. Population 3258 (1986).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1678?. ダッドリー近郊
[没]1717.3.8. マデレーコート
コークスを燃料に用いる製鉄法を開発したイギリスの製鉄業者。ブリストルでコークスを用いた銅精錬業に従事したのち，1708年製鉄会社を設立。低硫黄炭の産地に近いセバーン川沿いのコールブルックデールに製造拠点を設けた。1709年コークスを燃料にした高炉により商品価値の高い鉄を生産することに成功。石炭を用いる溶鉱炉よりはるかに大きい炉を建設することにより，コークスの使用がコストと生産性の両面において優れていることを実証した。ダービーの製造した鉄は質が高く，薄い鋳物にも適していたため，真鍮製にひけをとらない，鉄製鍋など底の深い容器の製造も可能になった。1712年にトーマス・ニューコメンが蒸気機関を発明すると，鉄製シリンダの生産という新たな市場を開拓。長男のエブラハム・ダービー（1711～63）に事業継承後の 1758年までに，100個以上のシリンダがコールブルックデールで製造された。1779年，孫のエブラハム・ダービー3世（1750～91）が世界初の鉄橋（コールブルックデール近郊に現存。→アイアンブリッジ峡谷）を完成。1802年にイギリスの技術者で発明家のリチャード・トレビシックが設計した世界初の鉄道用の高圧蒸気機関もコールブルックデールの製鉄所で製造された。（→産業革命）

ダービー
Derby

イギリス，イングランド中部の都市。単一自治体（ユニタリー unitary authority）。1997年にダービーシャー県から分離して単一自治体となった。ロンドンの北北西約 180km，ペナイン山脈の南端麓にあり，トレント川支流ダーウェント川の下流部に臨む。古代ローマの要塞の近くにできた古い町で，9世紀にここを占領したデーン人が Deorabyと呼んだことに由来。1750年頃から陶磁器の生産が始まり「ダービー焼」で有名。18世紀初めにイタリアから絹紡績が導入されて以来，織物工業が発展，絹のほか，レース，綿織物などの生産が盛んとなった。19世紀に鉄道の要地となってから，鉄道車両製造，機関車修理などの工業が発達。ほかに，航空機エンジン，機械，化学，印刷などの工業がある。16世紀建築の塔をもつ大聖堂，聖ピーター聖堂など由緒ある建築物が多い。哲学者ハーバート・スペンサーの生地。面積 78km2。人口 23万3700（2005推計）。

ダービー
Derby

イギリスで行なわれる競馬のクラシック競走の一つ。イギリスの競馬のうち最も賞金が高く，また最大の人気を集めている。1780年に第12代ダービー伯爵らによって創設され，以後第1次・第2次世界大戦中ニューマーケット競馬場で代行されたのを除き，一度も中止されることなく毎年 6月上旬にエプソム・ユーエルのエプソム競馬場で開催されている。距離・負担重量など各種条件はこの間数度にわたり変更され，今日は距離 1.5マイル（約 2400m），負担重量牡馬 9ストン（約 57.2kg），牝馬 8ストン 9ポンド（約 54.9kg）。ダービーに範をとったレースは多くの国で行なわれているが，各種条件は必ずしも同一とはかぎらない。日本では東京優駿（日本ダービー）が，アメリカ合衆国ではケンタッキー・ダービーが開催されている。

ダービー
Darby， John Nelson

[生]1800.11.18. ロンドン
[没]1882.4.29. ボーンマス
イギリスの神学者。アイルランド教会の聖職者であったが，国家からの宗教の独立を主張して，国教会を退き (1827) ，初期キリスト教会の簡素を求めて，同志たちと 1830年頃プリマス兄弟団を結成 (→プリマス・ブレズレン ) 。 47年には兄弟団のなかにダービー派と呼ばれる非開放的なセクトをつくり，その指導者となる。著書多数で，賛美歌集を編んだ。

ダービー
Darby， Abraham III

[生]1750
[没]1791
同名の祖父 (1677～1717) ，父 (11～63) と3代続いたイギリスの製鉄業者。 1779年工場のあったシュロップシャーのコールブルックデールでセバーン川に最初の鉄橋を建設した。

ダービー
Derby

アメリカ合衆国，コネティカット州南西部，ニューヘーブンの西約 10kmにある町。かつては造船や漁業で栄えたが，19世紀中頃に衰微。現在は金属，機械など多様な工業が発達している。人口1万 2199 (1990) 。

ダービー
Derby

オーストラリア，ウェスタンオーストラリア州北東部，フィツロイ川河口の港町。キンバリー高原西部の牧牛業の集散地。近くに灌漑地区があり米作が試みられている。人口 3258 (1986) 。

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