Tachiai - Tachiai

(1) One of the arts of Sarugaku and Dengaku. It was also written as "Tachiai." In "Sarugaku Dangi" by Zeami, it is written that "No matter how many people there are, Tachiai should be one move," and it seems that they danced to the same chant and music with the same movements. They competed for the best art, but according to performance records of Dengaku such as "Bun'an Dengaku-ki," it was performed before Noh, so it is thought to have had a religious meaning. According to written records, there are several Tachiai pieces, but only "Yumi-ya Tachiai" and "Fune no Tachiai" have been handed down to the present. (2) A form of performance of Sarugaku and Dengaku. A performance method in which actors from different theaters and schools compete by performing their own pieces or by performing one piece together. Although it has been a common occurrence throughout the history of Noh up to the present day, it was only in the early Muromachi period that it became important enough to determine the future of a troupe or an actor. Zeami placed special importance on the tachiai in "Fushikaden," and used the terms "battle tachiai" and "tachiai duel" and referred to the opponent as "enemy" or "enemy." This suggests that the outcome of the match was not determined by the audience's vague impression of superiority or inferiority, but was instead determined by a clear decision made by someone, but the details are unknown.

[Kobayashi, Responsible]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

（1）猿楽(さるがく)、田楽(でんがく)の芸の一つ。「立逢」とも書いた。世阿弥(ぜあみ)の『申楽談儀(さるがくだんぎ)』に「立合は、幾人(いくたり)もあれ、一手なるべし」とあり、同じ謡・囃子(はやし)にあわせ同じ動作で舞ったらしい。そこで芸の優劣も競ったが、『文安(ぶんあん)田楽記』など田楽の上演記録によると、能に先だって演じられているので宗教的意味もあったかと思われる。文献によると数曲の立合芸のあったことが知られるが、いまに伝えられているのは「弓矢立合」「船の立合」だけである。（2）猿楽、田楽の上演形態。異座・異流の役者がそれぞれの曲を演じる、あるいは一曲を共演することによって芸を競う上演法。能楽史を通じ今日まで往々行われてきたが、それが一座または一役者の将来を定めるほどの重みをもったのは室町前期である。世阿弥はことに『風姿花伝(ふうしかでん)』で立合を重視し、「勝負の立合」「立合勝負」の用語もみえ、相手方を「敵人(てきじん)」「敵(かたき)」などといっているので、観客の漠然とした優劣の印象ではなく、だれかによって明確な勝負の判定が下されたものと考えられるが、詳細は不明である。

［小林　責］

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