Swedish - Suwedengo

Japanese: スウェーデン語 - すうぇーでんご
Swedish - Suwedengo

The official language of the Kingdom of Sweden. It is spoken in Sweden, western and southern Finland, and on the Åland Islands, and is also an official language of the Republic of Finland, along with Finnish. Of the Nordic languages, which belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, it is the most numerous, with a speaking population of approximately 8 million.

Swedish, when heard by ear, is very similar to Norwegian, and has a singing cadence. This is due to a unique accent, and Swedish uses two types of accent: accent 1, which falls gently, and accent 2, which falls and then rises sharply. Originally, monosyllabic words have accent 1, and disyllabic words have accent 2. For example, "and" (duck) is monosyllabic, so it is pronounced with accent 1, and "ande" (breath) is disyllabic, so it is pronounced with accent 2. Even when fixed endings are added to make both "anden," the difference in accent is maintained. Also, compared to Danish, where all weak vowels have been weakened to ambiguous vowels, Swedish retains the three types a, e, and o, which gives Swedish a richer sound.

Because these three vowels are retained at the end of words, there are some morphological complexities, such as the distinction between -ar, -er, -or in the plural of nouns and -ar and -er in the present tense of verbs. However, other word forms have been simplified. In the past, nouns were divided into three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter, but in modern languages ​​there is only a distinction between masculine and neuter. The letter å is unique to Nordic languages ​​and represents the letter "o". Although the initial g-, k-, and sk- are pronounced in two ways depending on the type of vowel that follows (e.g. gata for göra), the letters and pronunciations generally correspond. Foreign words are also actively rewritten to match the actual pronunciation, in contrast to the conservative spelling of Danish. For example, Danish writes bureau (office) with the foreign spelling, while Swedish changes it to byrå.

[Nobuko Fukui]

"Introduction to Swedish" by Yokoyama Tamji (1978, Hakusuisha)""Express Swedish" by Yokoyama Tamji (1987, Hakusuisha)""New Edition of Nordic Languages" by Elias Veseen, translated by Sugawara Kunishiro (1988, Tokai University Press)""Swedish Grammar" by Yamashita Yasufumi (1990, Daigaku Shorin)" ▽ "Nordic Languages" edited by Alan Kirker et al., translated by Yamashita Yasufumi et al. (2001, Tokai University Press)"

[References] | Nordic Languages

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

スウェーデン王国の公用語。スウェーデンのほかフィンランドの西・南部およびオーランド諸島でも話され、フィン語と並びフィンランド共和国の公用語ともなっている。インド・ヨーロッパ語族ゲルマン語派に属するノルド諸言語のなかで、言語人口は約800万ともっとも多い。

 耳で聞くスウェーデン語はノルウェー語とよく似ており、歌うような調子がある。これは特有なアクセントによるもので、スウェーデン語は、なだらかに下降するアクセント1、下降ののち急に上昇するアクセント2の2種類のアクセントを使い分けている。元来、単音節語はアクセント1を、二音節語はアクセント2をもっている。たとえば、and(アヒル)は単音節語なのでアクセント1、ande(息)は二音節語なのでアクセント2で発音される。定形語尾がついてともにandenとなっても、アクセントの違いは保たれる。また、弱音節の母音がすべて曖昧(あいまい)母音に弱まったデンマーク語に比べ、スウェーデン語にはa、e、oの3種が残っており、スウェーデン語の響きを豊かなものにしている。

 語尾にこの3母音が保持されているため、名詞の複数形で-ar, -er, -or、動詞の現在形で-ar, -erが区別されるなど、形態的に多少複雑な面もある。だが、その他の語形変化はおおむね簡略化している。古くは名詞が男性、女性、中性に三分されていたが、現代語では共性と中性の区別しかない。文字åは北欧語に独特で、「オ」を表す。語頭のg-, k-, sk-が次の母音の種類によって2通りに発音されるなどするが(gata「ガータ」に対してgöra「イェーラ」など)、文字と発音はほぼ対応している。外来語についても、実際の発音にあわせて積極的に表記を改めており、その点、つづりが保守的なデンマーク語と対照的である。たとえば、デンマーク語では外国語のつづりのままbureau(事務所)と書くのに対し、スウェーデン語ではbyråと変えている。

[福井信子]

『横山民司著『スウェーデン語の入門』(1978・白水社)』『横山民司著『エクスプレス スウェーデン語』(1987・白水社)』『エリアス・ヴェセーン著、菅原邦城訳『新版 北欧の言語』(1988・東海大学出版会)』『山下泰文著『スウェーデン語文法』(1990・大学書林)』『アラン・カーカー他編、山下泰文他訳『北欧のことば』(2001・東海大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | ノルド諸言語

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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