Alimony - Alimony

Japanese: 慰謝料 - いしゃりょう
Alimony - Alimony

It refers to compensation for mental damages such as pain and sorrow. In the early modern period in Europe, in addition to pursuing criminal liability (punishment) against perpetrators in cases of injury, civil liability (compensation for damages) was also imposed. In the 19th century, as the idea of ​​personality and personal rights spread, the scope of compensation recognized in cases where these rights were violated also expanded. In Japan, it is also stipulated in the Civil Code (Articles 710 and 711).

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

The significance of compensation

Although mental damage cannot be evaluated in monetary terms, the Civil Code requires that compensation be paid in monetary terms as a general rule. On the other hand, there is a view that compensation is not compensation for damages, but a private punishment imposed by the victim on the perpetrator, while on the other hand, there is a view that it is a kind of revenge and should not be recognized because a person's mental value cannot be evaluated in monetary terms. However, today, the prevailing view is that compensation gives concrete validity to legal procedures, which tend to be rigid, and that mental damages can also be healed by being compensated in monetary terms, and that compensation, like ordinary damages, is intended to compensate for damages.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

Claiming compensation

The Civil Code stipulates that compensation can be claimed when the body, freedom, or honor has been violated (Article 710), but nowadays, compensation can also be claimed for a wide range of violations, including the violation of life, chastity, name, image, and even peaceful civil or private life. A typical example would be compensation for injury or death in a traffic accident. In this case, hospital expenses, funeral expenses, and damages caused by the inability to work are considered financial damages and can be claimed separately from compensation. Other examples recognized by precedent include illegal detention, ostracism, false accusation of a non-culprit, when a doctor deprives a trainee nurse of her chastity against her will, and when a wife transmits a sexually transmitted disease to her husband. When divorce is unavoidable due to the culpable acts of one spouse (for example, the husband's fornication or debauchery), the other spouse can claim compensation, but in practice it is often used as one of the factors in calculating the division of property and is included in that calculation. Case law has long recognized that compensation can be claimed even in cases of the wrongful annulment of a common-law marriage. There are also many cases in which compensation is allowed when noise and obstruction of sunlight exceed a certain limit. In addition to cases where personal interests have been violated as described above, compensation can also be claimed when property interests have been violated if mental damage has occurred. There are cases in which compensation has been awarded in addition to the price of the land when ancestral land to which one felt particular attachment was defrauded.

The above are cases of tort, but claims for compensation may also be accepted in cases of breach of contract, such as when a train accident occurs due to the negligence of a driver and a passenger is killed.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

Those eligible to claim compensation

(1) If the victim is injured, the direct victim of the injury can of course claim compensation. Previously, close relatives of the injured victim were not allowed to claim, but now, in cases where a daughter's appearance has been seriously disfigured, the mother can claim compensation in addition to the daughter herself.

(2) It is clearly stated that the victim's parents, spouse and children can receive compensation when the victim dies (Article 711 of the Civil Code), but the question of whether other people (common-law wives, grandparents, grandchildren, siblings, etc.) can receive compensation is an issue (although these people can also claim compensation if they suffer financial damage due to the victim's death). The above is compensation for the mental damage suffered by the surviving family members due to the victim's death, but related to this, there is a question of whether the victim's right to claim compensation can be inherited by the heirs when the victim dies. In the past, precedents held that if the victim expressed even the slightest intention to claim compensation (known as the "sorry incident" in which the victim died crying "what a shame, what a shame" on his or her sickbed), the victim would have a right to claim compensation and it would be inherited by the heirs, but if not, the right to claim compensation would not be inherited. However, this view was later changed to the point that the right to claim compensation is naturally inherited by the heirs even if the victim does not express such intention (Supreme Court decision in 1967).

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

Calculation of the amount of compensation

Since compensation is a mental thing and is compensation for damages that cannot be concretely seen, there are no clear standards for calculating it as there are for property damages, and it is to be decided by the judge taking into consideration various circumstances. In calculating it, the social status, occupation, assets, and motives of the victim and the assailant, as well as the degree of negligence of the assailant are taken into consideration, but the specific amount of compensation is ultimately left to the judge's discretion.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi]

[References] | Personal rights | Damages | Tortoise | Divorce

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

苦痛や悲しみなど精神的損害に対する賠償をいう。ヨーロッパでは近世になってから、人を傷つけた場合などに、加害者に対して刑事責任(刑罰)を追及するほかに、民事責任(損害賠償)をも課するようになった。19世紀になって、人格ないし人格権という考えが広がるにつれて、それを侵された場合に慰謝料が認められる範囲も広がってきた。日本でも民法(710条・711条)に規定されている。

[高橋康之]

慰謝料の意義

精神的損害は本来、金銭では評価できないものであるが、民法は原則として金銭で賠償させることにしている。一方、この慰謝料について、これを損害賠償ではなく、被害者から加害者に対して加えられる私的な制裁であるとする考え方があり、他方、これは一種の復讐(ふくしゅう)であるし、人の精神的価値は金銭に評価できないものであるから、認めるべきではないという考え方もある。しかし、今日では、硬直になりがちな法律上の処理に具体的妥当性を付与するものとして、また精神的損害も金銭で賠償されることによって癒(いや)されるものであって、慰謝料もまた普通の損害賠償と同じく、損害の填補(てんぽ)を目的とするものであるとする考え方が有力である。

[高橋康之]

慰謝料の請求

民法では、身体、自由、名誉を侵された場合に慰謝料を請求できる(710条)と規定しているが、現在ではこのほかにも広く、生命、貞操、氏名、肖像、さらには平穏な市民生活や私生活を侵された場合にも慰謝料の請求を認めている。典型的な例としては、交通事故などでけがをしたり死亡した場合の慰謝料であろう。この場合、入院費用、葬式費用のほか、その人が働けなくなったための損害などは、財産的損害であって慰謝料とは別に請求できる。そのほか、判例によって認められたものとしては、不法に拘禁された場合、村八分(むらはちぶ)にされた場合、犯人でないのに誤って告訴された場合、医師が看護婦見習の意思に反し貞操を奪った場合、妻が夫に性病を移された場合などがある。夫婦の一方の有責な行為(たとえば、夫の私通や放蕩(ほうとう)など)で離婚せざるをえなくなったような場合には、もう一方は慰謝料を請求できるが、実際上は財産分与の算定の一資料とされて、そのなかに含められることが多い。内縁の不当破棄の場合にも慰謝料を請求できることは古くから判例によって認められている。また、騒音や日照妨害などが一定限度を超える場合に慰謝料請求を認める判例も多い。以上のように人格的利益を侵された場合のほか、財産的利益を侵された場合でも、精神的損害が生ずれば慰謝料を請求できる。先祖伝来のとくに愛着を感じていた土地を詐取された場合に、土地の価格以外に慰謝料が認められた例がある。

 以上は不法行為による場合であるが、このほか債務不履行の場合、たとえば運転士の過失により鉄道事故が起こり、乗客が死亡したような場合にも、慰謝料の請求が認められる。

[高橋康之]

慰謝料を請求できる者

(1)被害者がけがをした場合には、けがをした直接の被害者が慰謝料を請求できるのはもちろんである。けがをした被害者の近親者については、以前は請求できないとされていたが、現在は、娘の容貌(ようぼう)がひどく傷つけられたような場合に、娘自身とは別に、母親も慰謝料が請求できるとされている。

(2)被害者が死んだ場合に、被害者の父母、配偶者および子が慰謝料をとれることは明文化されている(民法711条)が、それ以外の者(内縁の妻、祖父母、孫、兄弟姉妹など)が慰謝料をとれるかどうかが問題とされている(もっとも、これらの者も被害者の死亡によって財産的な損害を被れば、その賠償を請求できる)。以上は被害者の死亡によって遺族自身が被る精神的損害の賠償であるが、これと関連して、被害者が死亡した場合に、被害者自身の慰謝料請求権が相続人に相続されるかどうかという問題がある。判例はかつて、被害者がすこしでも慰謝料を請求する意思を表示したとき(病床で「残念残念」と叫びながら死亡した「残念事件」として知られる)は、被害者に慰謝料請求権が発生しそれが相続人に相続されるが、そうでない場合には慰謝料請求権は相続されないとされてきた。しかし、その後、そのような意思表示をしなくても慰謝料請求権は当然、相続人に相続される(1967年最高裁判決)というように考え方が改められた。

[高橋康之]

慰謝料額の算定

慰謝料は精神的なもので、具体的には目に見えない損害に対する賠償であるから、その算定には財産的損害の場合のような明確な基準がなく、裁判官が種々の事情を考慮に入れて決めるべきものとされている。算定にあたっては、被害者や加害者の社会的地位、職業、資産、加害者の動機や過失の大小などが考慮されるが、具体的な賠償額は、結局、裁判官の裁量に任せられることになる。

[高橋康之]

[参照項目] | 人格権 | 損害賠償 | 不法行為 | 離婚

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