Ordines mendicantium

Japanese: 托鉢修道会 - たくはつしゅうどうかい（英語表記）Ordines mendicantium

A monastic order of poverty and strict obedience that spread throughout Europe from the 13th century onwards. It began with the Franciscans and Dominicans and spread to European cities, with its members occupying theology departments at universities as professors. At the end of the 13th century, the Carmelites, the Augustinian Hermits and the Servants of the Virgin Mary (officially recognised as a mendicant order in the 15th century) joined, and it became so popular that the Second Council of Lyon (1274) had to ban other smaller orders. Mendicancy originated from the idea of poverty of Francis of Assisi. He based his life on work, but as the order grew, it became necessary to rely on begging, which was initially an exceptional method, to support monastic life. This enabled the friars to penetrate into the citizen's lives and carry out activities in harmony with them, but they encountered opposition due to their privileges, such as freedom from the control of the local bishop, and in the mid-13th century, at the University of Paris, a fierce opposition movement arose against the advance of the mendicant orders, led by William of Saint-Amour and others, who engaged in debates with members including Thomas Aquinas. Although the mendicant orders are permitted to beg by canon law, they are no longer in practice today.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

13世紀以後ヨーロッパに広まった清貧，厳律の修道会。フランシスコ会とドミニコ会に始り，ヨーロッパの都市に広まり，その会員は教授として大学の神学講座を占めた。 13世紀末にはさらにカルメル会，アウグスチヌス隠修士会，聖母下僕会 (正式に托鉢修道会と認められたのは 15世紀) が加わり，第2リヨン公会議 (1274) がこれら以外の群小の会を禁止せねばならないほどの流行をみた。托鉢はアッシジのフランシスコの清貧の理念に由来する。彼は労働を基本としたが，会の増大とともに初めは例外的手段であった托鉢によらねば修道生活を支えられなくなった。修士たちはこれによって市民のなかに入り込んで市民と一体となった活動を展開したが，在地司教の支配からの自由などの特権から反発を招き，13世紀中頃パリ大学では托鉢修道会の進出に対し，サンタムールのギヨームらの激しい反対運動が起り，トマス・アクィナスら会員との間で論戦がかわされた。托鉢修道会は教会法によって托鉢を認められているものであるが，現在は事実上行われていない。

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