Darwin, Charles Robert

Japanese: ダーウィン(英語表記)Darwin, Charles Robert
Darwin, Charles Robert
Born 12 February 1809, Salop, Shrewsbury
[Died] April 19, 1882. British naturalist. He wrote On the Origin of Species and established the theory of biological evolution. Grandson of E. Darwin. He entered the University of Edinburgh (1825) but left after two years and re-entered Cambridge University (28). There he studied natural history under botanist J. Henslow and others. In 1831 he served as a naturalist on the Royal Navy ship Beagle, and for five years he visited islands in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the coast of South America, the Galapagos Islands, and other places, observing the flora and fauna, collecting fossils, and studying geology. His observations during the voyage led him to consider the possibility of species changing, and in 1837 he began writing notes on the subject. Shortly after he began writing his theory of evolution (56), he received a paper from R. Wallace with the same content as his theory (58), and with the help of C. Lyell and others, he presented a summary of his work at the Linnean Society (58), and published On the Origin of Species in 1959. Compared to previous evolutionary thought, Darwin's theory of evolution was characterized by its scientific content and the fact that it was supported by a wealth of examples, which made it highly persuasive and caused a great stir. On the Origin of Species also deals with the adaptation of living organisms to their environments, and is the starting point of ecology. However, Darwin himself stated the influence of T. Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population, and it is generally said to reflect the laissez-faire (laissez-faire) ideas of the time. T. Huxley fought back against attacks on the theory of evolution from the religious community. In 1871, Darwin extended the theory of evolution to the origin of humans in On the Descent of Man. In his later years he conducted experimental research on plant movement, compiling the results in books such as "Plant Motility" (80). In the 20th century, Darwin's theory of natural selection was combined with Mendelian genetics to form the current theory of evolution.

Darwin
Darwin, Erasmus

Born: December 12, 1731. Elton
Died: April 18, 1802. British physician, naturalist, and poet from Derby. Grandfather of C. Darwin and F. Galton, the founder of eugenics. After studying at both Cambridge (1750-54) and Edinburgh (54-56), he opened a successful medical practice. He wrote poems expressing his scientific ideas and published them. His representative works include The Botanic Garden (92) and Zoonomia or the Laws of Organic Life (94-96). The latter is particularly famous for expressing his evolutionary ideas. He believed that animals modify themselves to adapt to their environments, which contains many points in common with J. Lamarck's evolutionary ideas and is considered to be the precursor to C. Darwin's theory of evolution.

Darwin
Darwin

The administrative centre of Australia's Northern Territory. Located at the northwestern tip of Arnhem Land, it is a port city overlooking the Timor Sea and the terminus of the coastal shipping route from Perth. It was called Palmerston until 1911, but was later renamed after C. Darwin (who arrived in 1838). It also has an international airport connecting Sydney and Singapore. A railway line runs to Larimar, 500 km southeast, and a national highway connects it to Alice Springs, 1,535 km south-southeast. It serves as the gateway to the Northern Territory, where agricultural and mineral products are distributed. It was severely damaged by a cyclone in December 1974, destroying most of the buildings and causing a temporary decline in population, but has since been rebuilt. Population: 69,809 (1991 estimate).

Darwin
Darwin, Sir George Howard

Born: July 9, 1845. Down, Kent
[Died] December 7, 1912. British astronomer from Cambridge. Second son of C. Darwin. Studied at Cambridge University, where he was professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy (1883). Developing the theories of P. Laplace and Kelvin, he clarified the effect of tidal friction in the motion of the Earth-Moon system, and claimed that the Moon was once separated from a part of the Earth (now considered a mistake). He also discussed the evolution of the solar system based on mathematical theory. He served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society (1999) and the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1905), and was appointed a Knight of the Order of the Bath in 1905.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
[生]1809.2.12. サロップ,シュルーズベリー
[没]1882.4.19. ダウン
イギリスの博物学者。『種の起原』を著わして生物進化の理論を確立した。 E.ダーウィンの孫。エディンバラ大学に入学する (1825) が,2年で退学,ケンブリッジ大学に入り直す (28) 。ここで植物学者の J.ヘンズローらに博物学を学ぶ。 1831年から海軍の『ビーグル』号に博物学者として乗組み,5年にわたって,太平洋,大西洋の島々,南アメリカ沿岸,ガラパゴス諸島などを訪れ,動植物相の観察や化石の採集,地質の研究などを行なった。彼は航海中に行なった諸観察から,種が変化する可能性を考えるようになり,37年よりそれに関するノートを書きはじめた。進化論の執筆を始めて (56) まもなく,R.ウォレスから彼の理論と同一内容の論文を受取り (58) ,C.ライエルらのはからいで業績の要約をリンネ学会で発表し (58) ,59年『種の起原』を出版した。ダーウィンの進化論は,彼以前の進化思想に比し,内容が科学的でしかもそれが豊富な実例によって裏づけられている点に特徴があり,強い説得力をもちえ,大きな反響を呼んだ。また『種の起原』は,環境への生物の適応を扱っており,生態学の出発点ともなっている。しかし一方で,ダーウィン自身 T.マルサスの『人口論』からの影響について述べており,また一般にその時代の自由放任主義 (レッセ・フェール) 理念の反映であるといわれることもある。進化論に対する宗教界からの攻撃には,T.ハクスリーが代って応戦した。ダーウィンは 71年『人間の由来』で,進化論を人間の起源にまで拡張した。以後,晩年は植物の運動に関する実験的研究を行い,その結果を『植物の運動力』 (80) などにまとめている。 20世紀に入って,ダーウィンの自然選択説とメンデル遺伝学とが組合わされて,現在の進化機構論が形成されている。

ダーウィン
Darwin, Erasmus

[生]1731.12.12. エルトン
[没]1802.4.18. ダービー
イギリスの医者,博物学者,詩人。 C.ダーウィンおよび優生学の創始者 F.ゴルトンの祖父。ケンブリッジ (1750~54) ,エディンバラ (54~56) 両大学に学んだのち,内科医を開業して成功。みずからの科学思想を詩に作って出版。『植物の園』 The Botanic Garden (92) ,『ズーノミア』 Zoonomia or the Laws of Organic Life (94~96) が代表作。特に後者は,進化思想を表わしたものとして名高い。動物は,そのおかれた環境に適応できるようにみずからをつくり変えると彼は考えたが,これは J.ラマルクの進化思想に共通した点を多く含み,C.ダーウィンの進化論の先駆をなすものとされている。

ダーウィン
Darwin

オーストラリア,ノーザンテリトリーの行政中心地。アーネムランド北西端に位置し,ティモール海にのぞむ港湾都市で,パースからの沿岸航路の終点。 1911年まではパーマストンと呼ばれていたが,その後 C.ダーウィン (1838来航) にちなんで改名。シドニー,シンガポールを結ぶ国際空港もある。南東 500kmにあるラリマーまで鉄道が延び,南南東 1535kmのアリススプリングズと国道で結ばれる。ノーザンテリトリーの玄関として農牧産品,鉱産物が集散される。 74年 12月のサイクロンで大きな被害にあい,建物の大半が破壊され,人口が一時減少したが,復興した。人口6万 9809 (1991推計) 。

ダーウィン
Darwin, Sir George Howard

[生]1845.7.9. ケント,ダウン
[没]1912.12.7. ケンブリッジ
イギリスの天文学者。 C.ダーウィンの次男。ケンブリッジ大学に学び,同大学の天文学,実験哲学教授 (1883) 。 P.ラプラス,ケルビンらの理論を発展させ,地球-月系の運動における潮汐摩擦効果を明らかにし,月がかつて地球の一部から切り離されたものであると主張した (現在は誤りとみなされている) 。また数学理論に基づいて太陽系の進化を議論した。王立天文協会会長 (99) ,イギリス科学振興協会会長 (1905) をつとめ,1905年バス上級勲爵士に叙せられた。

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