Born 12 February 1809, Salop, Shrewsbury [Died] April 19, 1882. British naturalist. He wrote On the Origin of Species and established the theory of biological evolution. Grandson of E. Darwin. He entered the University of Edinburgh (1825) but left after two years and re-entered Cambridge University (28). There he studied natural history under botanist J. Henslow and others. In 1831 he served as a naturalist on the Royal Navy ship Beagle, and for five years he visited islands in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the coast of South America, the Galapagos Islands, and other places, observing the flora and fauna, collecting fossils, and studying geology. His observations during the voyage led him to consider the possibility of species changing, and in 1837 he began writing notes on the subject. Shortly after he began writing his theory of evolution (56), he received a paper from R. Wallace with the same content as his theory (58), and with the help of C. Lyell and others, he presented a summary of his work at the Linnean Society (58), and published On the Origin of Species in 1959. Compared to previous evolutionary thought, Darwin's theory of evolution was characterized by its scientific content and the fact that it was supported by a wealth of examples, which made it highly persuasive and caused a great stir. On the Origin of Species also deals with the adaptation of living organisms to their environments, and is the starting point of ecology. However, Darwin himself stated the influence of T. Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population, and it is generally said to reflect the laissez-faire (laissez-faire) ideas of the time. T. Huxley fought back against attacks on the theory of evolution from the religious community. In 1871, Darwin extended the theory of evolution to the origin of humans in On the Descent of Man. In his later years he conducted experimental research on plant movement, compiling the results in books such as "Plant Motility" (80). In the 20th century, Darwin's theory of natural selection was combined with Mendelian genetics to form the current theory of evolution. Darwin |
[生]1809.2.12. サロップ,シュルーズベリー [没]1882.4.19. ダウン イギリスの博物学者。『種の起原』を著わして生物進化の理論を確立した。 E.ダーウィンの孫。エディンバラ大学に入学する (1825) が,2年で退学,ケンブリッジ大学に入り直す (28) 。ここで植物学者の J.ヘンズローらに博物学を学ぶ。 1831年から海軍の『ビーグル』号に博物学者として乗組み,5年にわたって,太平洋,大西洋の島々,南アメリカ沿岸,ガラパゴス諸島などを訪れ,動植物相の観察や化石の採集,地質の研究などを行なった。彼は航海中に行なった諸観察から,種が変化する可能性を考えるようになり,37年よりそれに関するノートを書きはじめた。進化論の執筆を始めて (56) まもなく,R.ウォレスから彼の理論と同一内容の論文を受取り (58) ,C.ライエルらのはからいで業績の要約をリンネ学会で発表し (58) ,59年『種の起原』を出版した。ダーウィンの進化論は,彼以前の進化思想に比し,内容が科学的でしかもそれが豊富な実例によって裏づけられている点に特徴があり,強い説得力をもちえ,大きな反響を呼んだ。また『種の起原』は,環境への生物の適応を扱っており,生態学の出発点ともなっている。しかし一方で,ダーウィン自身 T.マルサスの『人口論』からの影響について述べており,また一般にその時代の自由放任主義 (レッセ・フェール) 理念の反映であるといわれることもある。進化論に対する宗教界からの攻撃には,T.ハクスリーが代って応戦した。ダーウィンは 71年『人間の由来』で,進化論を人間の起源にまで拡張した。以後,晩年は植物の運動に関する実験的研究を行い,その結果を『植物の運動力』 (80) などにまとめている。 20世紀に入って,ダーウィンの自然選択説とメンデル遺伝学とが組合わされて,現在の進化機構論が形成されている。 ダーウィン
|
…In the course of this, fertilization (1841), mit...
Charadriiformes, Scolopacidae. Total length 29-33c...
The name of the East Japan Railway Company (JR Ea...
…This is a masterpiece of German grotesque romant...
A battle (143-133 BC) between the Roman army and t...
…He stayed in Tango for ten years, during which h...
The area lies at 8°5' north latitude and 77°3...
...Artificial insemination, which was once used p...
...There are six universities, including the Nati...
…A Hindu kingdom centered in the Karnataka (Mysor...
Located in the southwest of the Syrian Arab Republ...
...Compared to camera tubes, it has advantages su...
…In such cases, unlike trigeminal neuralgia, the ...
...There is a considerable movement of population...
A classification term for Japanese music. A type o...