A division of geological time. The Quaternary Period is the period from about 2.58 million years ago to the present. The strata formed during the Quaternary Period are called the Quaternary System. From around the 18th century, strata were divided into Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary periods based on their hardness, degree of alteration, and structure. In 1829, French geologist Jules Desnoyers (1800-1887) proposed calling the gravel layer covering the Tertiary layer in the Paris Basin the Quaternary layer. In the second half of the 19th century, the terms Primary and Secondary were used in various ways in Europe, which led to many contradictions and led to their almost complete demise. Based on the comparison of fossils, new concepts such as the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras were born. The Tertiary and Quaternary periods were considered to be the Cenozoic era. The Quaternary Period consists of the Pleistocene (approximately 2.58 million years ago to approximately 11,700 years ago) and the Holocene (approximately 11,700 years ago to the present). The Quaternary Period is a very short period compared to other geological time periods, but it is characterized by being the period of human emergence and evolution, and by the fact that a large amount of information from the past is well preserved compared to other periods. There have been many debates about the beginning of the Quaternary Period (the boundary between the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs). First, at the International Geological Congress in 1948, it was recommended that the lower limit of the Calabrian (marine strata) and Villafrancian (continental strata) in Italy be set as the beginning of the Quaternary Period. It was not until 1984 that the Brica section in southern Italy was designated, and the upper limit of the Olduvai Normal Polarity Substage, an era determined by geomagnetic fields, about 1.8 million years ago, was set as the beginning of the Quaternary Period. However, at the International Geological Congress in Kyoto in 1992, the majority of the opinions were in favor of setting the beginning of the Quaternary Period at about 2.6 million years ago, which is the boundary between the Matsuyama Reversed Magnetic Polarity Chron and the Gauss Normal Magnetic Polarity Chron. The reasons given for this include the appearance of the Homo genus, which is characteristic of the Quaternary Period, the sudden cyclical change in climate, the fact that the start of loess deposition coincided with the Matsuyama-Gaussian boundary, and conversely, the Brica strata in Italy, which had been the type site for the boundary between the Tertiary and Quaternary Periods, are continuous without any major breaks on either side of this boundary. After various discussions, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) finally redefined the Quaternary Period as "from about 2.58 million years ago to the present" in 2009. In 2008, the Tertiary Period, which had previously been the general term for the Paleogene and Neogene Periods, became an unofficial term, and only the last one, the Quaternary Period, remained as the name indicating the order of the geological period. The Quaternary period is a glacial period, and the climate is colder than the Neogene period that preceded it. The cooling did not proceed unilaterally, but alternated between cooling and warming, with repeated expansion and contraction of ice sheets and mountain glaciers, global rise and fall of sea levels, and shifts in the distribution of living organisms. The large-amplitude, rapid climatic changes lead to fluctuations in the temperature of the surface seawater, which are recorded geochemically as changes in the oxygen isotope ratio. In 1930, Serbian astronomer and mathematician Milutin Milankovitch (1879-1958) proposed that climatic changes are caused by periodic changes in the Earth's orbital elements (axial tilt, orbital eccentricity, and axial precession) (Milankovitch cycles). Since the 1970s, careful investigations of records left in deep-sea sediments have confirmed the changes that Milankovitch proposed. As the climate cools, it has become drier on a global scale, and special terrestrial deposits such as loess are distributed all over the world. [Michiko Yajima August 19, 2015] BiologyAlthough the biological groups share a great deal of commonality with modern species, some of the terrestrial animals that flourished during the Pleistocene have become extinct. Good examples include the mammoth elephant and the woolly rhinoceros, which lived in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. In mid-latitude regions, both cold and warm climate species appeared alternately, indicating that organisms migrated over a wide area as the climate changed. In addition to climate change, marine regression and transgression caused by the development and shrinkage of glaciers had a major impact on the distribution of organisms. The first human species, Australopithecus, is thought to have been Sahelanthropus tchadensis (a primate that lived in central Africa) from 7 million years ago, but a different genus of Homo appeared about 2.6 million years ago, and Australopithecus became extinct about 1.5 million years ago. Humans continued to live through the Pleistocene epoch, a time of drastic climate change, and evolved, expanding their range from the tropics to the polar regions, from the Old World to the New World and Oceania, and by the time of the Holocene epoch they had begun agriculture all over the world, causing an explosive increase in population and the development of culture. [Michiko Yajima August 19, 2015] The Quaternary Period of JapanGenerally, Quaternary layers are characterized by glacial gravel layers and terrace deposits, but in Japan, terrace deposits can be found in various places, and very continuous marine deposits can be seen in the Boso Peninsula, Oga Peninsula, Osaka Plain, and other areas that have become land due to crustal movement. Moreover, countless volcanic ash key layers with absolute ages have been confirmed, and the true nature of the Quaternary period is becoming better understood. [Michiko Yajima August 19, 2015] "Knowledge of the Strata - Exploring the Quaternary Period" revised new edition by Machida Hiroshi, Arai Fusao, and Moriwaki Hiroshi (2000, Tokyo Bijutsu)" ▽ "The Origin of the Natural Environment - The Quaternary Period and the Present" 3rd edition (2002, Asakura Publishing) edited by Tabuchi Hiroshi, Abe Yoshito, Iwata Shuji, Koizumi Takehide, and others" ▽ "Atlas of Quaternary Reverse Faults" edited by Ikeda Yasutaka, and others (2002, University of Tokyo Press)" ▽ "Quaternary Studies" edited by Machida Hiroshi, Oba Tadamichi, Ono Akira, and others (2003, Asakura Publishing)" ▽ "The Environment of the Near Future as Told by the History of the Earth" edited by the Japanese Society for Quaternary Research, Machida Hiroshi, Iwata Shuji, and Ono Akira (2007, University of Tokyo Press)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地質時代の区分の一つ。第四紀は約258万年前から現在に至るまでの時代である。第四紀に形成された地層を第四系という。18世紀ころから地層を、堅さ、変質度、構造などをもとに分けて、古いほうから第一紀(Primary)、第二紀(Secondary)、第三紀(Tertiary)とよんで区分していた。1829年フランスの地質学者デノワイエJules Desnoyers(1800―1887)は、パリ盆地の第三紀層を覆う砂礫(れき)層に対しこれを第四紀層とよぶことを提唱した。19世紀後半には第一紀、第二紀ということばは、ヨーロッパ各地でさまざまに使われたため矛盾が多くなり、ほとんど使用されなくなった。化石の対比をもとに、古生代、中生代、新生代という新しい概念も生まれてきた。第三紀と第四紀は新生代とされた。 第四紀は更新世(約258万年前~約1万1700年前)と完新世(約1万1700年前~現在)とからなる。第四紀は、ほかの地質時代区分と比較して非常に短い期間であるが、人類の出現と進化の時代であること、および過去の情報がほかの時代と比べて大量によく保存されていることなどが特徴である。 第四紀の始まり(鮮新世―更新世の境界)についてはさまざまな議論を経てきた。まず1948年の万国地質学会議で、イタリアのカラブリアン(海成層)とビラフランキアン(陸成層)の下限とするように勧告された。その後1984年になってようやく、イタリア南部のブリカの地層(ブリカセクション)を指定し、地磁気で決定する時代であるオルドバイ正磁極亜期の上限約180万年前を第四紀の始まりとした。ところが1992年の京都の万国地質学会議では松山逆磁極期とガウス正磁極期の境界である約260万年前を第四紀の始まりにしたいという意見が大勢を占めた。第四紀の特徴であるホモ属の出現、急激な気候の周期変化、黄土(レス)の堆積(たいせき)開始が期せずして松山―ガウス境界にあたること、逆に、これまで第三紀と第四紀の境界の模式地とされていたイタリアのブリカの地層では、この境界をはさんで地層に大きな断絶がなく、連続していることなどが理由としてあげられた。その後もさまざまな議論があり、ようやく2009年に国際地質科学連合(IUGS)により「第四紀は約258万年前から現在」と再定義された。前年の2008年には、これまで古第三紀(Paleogene)と新第三紀(Neogene)の総称であった第三紀は非公式用語となり、地質時代の名前のうち順番を表すものは、最後の第四紀のみが残った。 第四紀はいわゆる氷河時代であり、気候は第四紀以前の新第三紀に比較して寒冷である。寒冷化は一方的に進行したのではなく、寒冷化と温暖化は交互に起こり、氷床や山岳氷河の拡大と縮小、世界的な海面の低下と上昇、生物分布域の移動などが繰り返し起きた。振幅の大きい急激な気候の周期変化は、表面海水の温度の変動を導き、地球化学的には酸素同位体比の変動として記録される。セルビアの天文学者で数学者のミランコビッチMilutin Milankovitch(1879―1958)は1930年に、地球軌道要素(地軸の傾き、公転軌道の離心率、地軸の歳差運動)の周期的変化によって気候変化が生じるとした(ミランコビッチ・サイクル)。1970年代より、深海堆積物に残された記録が丁寧に調査され、ミランコビッチの唱えた変動が確認されている。寒冷化に伴って地球規模での乾燥化も促進され、世界各地に黄土などの特殊な陸成堆積物が分布している。 [矢島道子 2015年8月19日] 生物生物群は現生種との共通性が非常に高いが、更新世に繁栄した陸生動物には絶滅したものもある。北半球の高緯度地帯に生息したマンモスゾウやケナガサイなどはその好例である。中緯度地方では寒冷気候下に生息するものと、温暖気候下に生息するものの両者が交互に現れ、気候の変動とともに広域にわたる生物の移動が行われたことがわかる。気候変化だけでなく、氷河の発達と縮小に起因する海退、海進は生物の分布に大きな影響を与えた。 最初の人類であるアウストラロピテクスの仲間は700万年前のサヘラントロプス・チャデンシスSahelanthropus tchadensis(アフリカ中部に生息していた霊長類)と考えられているが、約260万年前にはアウストラロピテクスの歩んだ道とは別のホモ属が現れ、約150万年前にはアウストラロピテクスのほうは絶滅してしまった。人類は気候変化の激しい更新世を生き続け、進化して、熱帯から寒帯まで、旧大陸から新大陸・オセアニアまで分布範囲を広げ、完新世を迎えて世界各地で農業を開始し、人口が爆発的に増加し、文化を発展させた。 [矢島道子 2015年8月19日] 日本の第四紀一般に第四紀層は氷河成砂礫層や段丘堆積物で特徴づけられるが、日本では各地に段丘堆積物がみられるとともに、非常によく連続した海成堆積物が地殻変動の影響で陸化した房総半島、男鹿(おが)半島、大阪平野などにみることができる。しかも絶対年代のわかる火山灰鍵(かぎ)層が無数に確認され、第四紀の実相はよくわかってきている。 [矢島道子 2015年8月19日] 『町田洋・新井房夫・森脇広著『地層の知識――第四紀をさぐる』改訂新版(2000・東京美術)』▽『田渕洋編著、阿部祥人・岩田修二・小泉武栄他著『自然環境の生い立ち――第四紀と現在』第3版(2002・朝倉書店)』▽『池田安隆他編『第四紀逆断層アトラス』(2002・東京大学出版会)』▽『町田洋・大場忠道・小野昭他編著『第四紀学』(2003・朝倉書店)』▽『日本第四紀学会・町田洋・岩田修二・小野昭編『地球史が語る近未来の環境』(2007・東京大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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