A series of alloy steels that are made to have sufficient corrosion resistance, strength, or both, depending on the application, for use at high temperatures above about 400°C. Ordinary steel loses strength when heated above 400°C, and is particularly susceptible to creep, a phenomenon in which deformation progresses moment by moment even when subjected to only a certain amount of force, and oxidation and other corrosion phenomena also become more pronounced. Heat-resistant steels have the above-mentioned shortcomings improved by adding alloying elements such as Cr, Mo, Ni, and Al depending on the operating temperature, stress state, and atmosphere; generally, the higher the temperature, the higher the amount of alloying elements used, and they are usually divided into ferritic (α) and austenitic (γ) types based on their structure. For example, 2.25% by mass Cr-1% by mass Mo steel (α type) and 18% by mass Cr-8% by mass Ni steel (γ type) are used for boiler tubes in thermal power plants, while 12% by mass Cr steel with small amounts of Mo, W, Nb, etc. added (α type) is used for steam turbines, all of which are prized for being able to withstand continuous use at 500-600°C for over 10 years. Even higher quality γ type heat-resistant steels are used for gas turbine parts, automobile engine exhaust valves, heating furnace parts, etc., and centrifugally cast pipes of heat-resistant steels such as 0.4% by mass C-25% by mass Cr-20% by mass Ni steel are used for reformer and cracking tubes in the petrochemical industry, and are used for tens of thousands of hours at high temperatures of nearly 1000°C. [See other terms] Heat-resistant alloys Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
約400 ℃ 以上の高温度で使用するために,用途に応じて十分な耐食性と強度のいずれか一方または両方を有するようにつくられた一連の合金鋼.普通の鋼は,400 ℃ 以上に加熱されると強度が減少し,とくに一定の力を受けているだけでも時々刻々に変形が進行するクリープという現象が起こりやすくなり,また,酸化,そのほかの腐食現象もいちじるしくなる.耐熱鋼は,その使用温度や応力状態,雰囲気などに応じて,Cr,Mo,Ni,Alなどの合金元素を添加し,上記のような欠点を改良したもので,概して高温ほど合金元素量の多いものが用いられ,普通,その組織からフェライト(α)系とオーステナイト(γ)系とに分けられる.たとえば,火力発電用ボイラー管には,2.25質量% Cr-1質量% Mo鋼(α系)や18質量% Cr-8質量% Ni鋼(γ系)など,また蒸気タービンには,12質量% Cr鋼にMo,W,Nbなどを少量加えたもの(α系)などが,いずれも500~600 ℃ で10年以上の連続使用に耐えるものとして賞用されている.ガスタービンの部品,自動車エンジンの排気弁や加熱炉の部品などには,さらに高級なγ系耐熱鋼が用いられ,石油化学工業のリフォーマー管やクラッキング管には,0.4質量% C-25質量% Cr-20質量% Ni鋼などの耐熱鋼の遠心鋳造管が,1000 ℃ 近くの高温で数万時間の使用に供されている.[別用語参照]耐熱合金 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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