Organization Regulation Ordinance - Organization Regulation Ordinance

One of the Potsdam Decrees promulgated and put into effect on April 4, 1949 (Showa 24). It amended "Matters Concerning the Prohibition of the Formation of Political Parties, Associations, and Other Organizations" (Imperial Decree No. 101 of 1946). The purpose of this Decree was to promote the healthy development of pacifism and democracy by prohibiting the formation and leadership of secret, militaristic, extremely nationalistic, violent, and anti-democratic organizations, as well as the acts of organizations and individuals who engage in such activities (Article 1 of the Decree), punishing individuals who engaged in such activities (Article 13 of the Decree), and dissolving organizations by designation of the Attorney General (Articles 4 and 5 of the Decree). If an organization fell into any of the following categories, (1) recommending or supporting candidates for public office, (2) taking actions that influenced the policies of the government or local public organizations, or (3) discussing relations between Japan and other countries, the representative of the organization had to make certain reports about its officers and members, and these reports were made public (Articles 6 and following of the Decree). The Attorney General had the necessary investigative powers to verify whether this ordinance was being observed (Article 10 of the same ordinance). Thus, the Regulatory Ordinance clearly violated the freedom of association and freedom of expression guaranteed by the Constitution, but the Supreme Court ruled that the Potsdam Ordinance had supra-constitutional effect, and there was precedent during the occupation that Japanese courts had no jurisdiction over the Regulatory Ordinance. The Regulatory Ordinance was also applied to right-wing groups and gangsters, but around the time of the outbreak of the Korean War, it was often applied to the Communist Party and groups under its influence. After the Peace Treaty came into effect, the Regulatory Ordinance lost its effect, and its contents are said to have been carried over into the Subversive Activities Prevention Law (Law No. 240 of 1952), which was promulgated and put into effect in July 1977.

[Nukazuka Yasue]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1949年（昭和24）4月4日に公布施行されたポツダム政令の一つ。「政党、協会その他の団体の結成の禁止等に関する件」（昭和21年勅令101号）を改正したもの。この政令は、平和主義および民主主義の健全な育成を期するため、秘密的、軍国主義的、極端な国家主義的、暴力主義的、反民主主義的な団体の結成と指導、ならびに団体および個人のそのような行為を禁止することを目的とし（同令1条）、かかる行為をした個人は罰せられ（同令13条）、団体は法務総裁の指定により解散させられた（同令4条・5条）。団体が、〔1〕公職の候補者を推薦または支持し、〔2〕政府または地方公共団体の政策に影響を与える行為をなし、〔3〕日本国と諸外国との関係に関し論議することのいずれかに該当したときは、団体の代表者はその役員、構成員等について一定の届出をしなければならず、この届出は公開された（同令6条以下）。法務総裁はこの政令が遵守されているかどうか確かめるために必要な調査権をもった（同令10条）。このように規正令は憲法の保障する結社の自由、表現の自由等を明白に侵害するものであったが、最高裁判所はポツダム政令の超憲法的効力を判示しており、同規正令については、日本の裁判所に裁判権がないという占領中の判例がある。規正令は右翼団体、暴力団等にも適用されたが、朝鮮戦争勃発(ぼっぱつ)前後、共産党およびその影響下にある団体に多く適用された。講和条約発効後、規正令は効力を失い、その内容は52年7月公布施行の破壊活動防止法（昭和27年法律240号）に引き継がれたといわれている。

［糠塚康江］

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