A list of a company's assets, liabilities, net assets (capital) or equity at a given point in time. Along with the income statement and cash flow statement, this is called a financial statement. It is also abbreviated as BS in English. Balance sheets are classified according to the time they were prepared. A balance sheet prepared at the time of establishment is called an opening balance sheet, and a balance sheet prepared at the time of dissolution is called a liquidation balance sheet, but generally speaking, it refers to a closing balance sheet prepared at the time of settlement assuming the company remains a going concern. There are two types of balance sheet formats. One is similar to bookkeeping accounts, with assets listed on the left side (debit) and liabilities and capital listed on the right side (credit), and is called the account format. The other is a format where assets, liabilities, and capital are listed vertically, in that order, and is called the report format. The report format is easier to understand even for those with little accounting knowledge, so this is the format used in practice. There are two ways of looking at the true nature of a balance sheet. One is to see the balance sheet as an average sheet, in which the balance sheet records assets and liabilities, and averages out the debits and credits by recording the amount calculated as the difference between the two as capital. The other is to see the balance sheet as a balance sheet. In this way, the income statement is created by first extracting revenues and expenses from the trial balance created using double-entry bookkeeping, and then the balances of the remaining asset, liability, and capital accounts are recorded. There are two methods for preparing a balance sheet. One is the inventory method, in which a physical inventory is conducted at the end of the period, the existence of assets and liabilities is confirmed, and capital is recorded as the difference between the two. The other is the derivation method, in which a balance sheet is prepared from accounting books that record all transactions. There are two purposes for creating a balance sheet. One is that the purpose of the balance sheet is to calculate and display the state of a company's assets, and is called the static theory. Even from this perspective, there are several interpretations as to what assets and liabilities should be recorded on the balance sheet, and what amounts should be assigned to the assets and liabilities. The other is that the purpose of accounting is to calculate a company's profit and loss over a period, and attempts to interpret the purpose of the balance sheet in relation to period calculations, and is called the dynamic theory. According to this perspective, a balance sheet is simply a balance sheet that accommodates the lags in the occurrence of income, expenditure, revenue, and expenses over time. In the traditional view that the purpose of corporate accounting is to calculate the profit and loss for a given period, the financial status shown in the balance sheet was interpreted as meaning how much money was raised from where (liabilities and capital) and how much was used for what (assets), in other words, the source of funds and the form of their management. However, today, the interpretation that the balance sheet shows the investment position (current state of assets and liabilities) of a company is gaining popularity. [Katsunobu Bandai] "Karl Kefer, Fundamentals of Bookkeeping and Balance Sheet Theory" (2006, Chuo Keizaisha) [Reference] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
企業の一時点の資産、負債、純資産(資本)または持分の一覧表。損益計算書、キャッシュ・フロー計算書とともに財務諸表とよばれる。英語表記の略称でBSともいう。 貸借対照表は、その作成時点の違いにより分類される。開業時に作成されるものを開業貸借対照表と、解散時に作成されるものを清算貸借対照表とよぶが、一般的には継続企業を前提とした決算時に作成される決算貸借対照表を意味するのが普通である。 貸借対照表の形式については二つある。一つは簿記の勘定と同様に、左側(借方)に資産を記載し、右側(貸方)に負債と資本を記載する形式であり、勘定式とよばれる。もう一つは垂直的に資産、負債、資本の順番で記載する形式であり、報告式とよばれる。報告式は、会計の知識の乏しい者にも理解しやすいので、実務上はこちらが用いられている。 貸借対照表の本質については二つの見方がある。一つは、貸借対照表を平均表とみる見方であり、これに基づけば、貸借対照表は資産と負債を収容し、両者の差額として計算された金額を資本として計上することで貸借が平均する。もう一つは、貸借対照表を残高表とみる見方である。これに基づけば、複式簿記で作成される残高試算表からまず収益と費用を抜き出して損益計算書が作成され、残った資産、負債、資本の各勘定の残高を収容するものである。 貸借対照表の作成方法については二つの方法がある。一つは棚卸法であり、この方法では期末に実地棚卸を行いその存在が確認された資産と負債を計上し、両者の差額として資本を計上する。もう一つは誘導法であり、この方法ではすべての取引を記録した会計帳簿から貸借対照表が作成されることになる。 貸借対照表を作成する目的については二つある。一つは企業の財産の状態を計算表示することを貸借対照表の目的と解するものであり、静態論とよばれている。この立場でも、貸借対照表にどのような資産や負債を計上するのか、また、資産や負債にどのような金額を付すのかについていくつかの解釈がある。もう一つは会計の目的を企業の期間損益計算ととらえ、期間計算との関係において貸借対照表の目的を解釈しようとするものであり、動態論とよばれている。この立場によれば、貸借対照表は、収入、支出、収益、費用の発生の期間的なずれを収容する単なる残高表を意味する。 企業会計の目的を適正な期間損益計算に置く伝統的な考え方では、貸借対照表が示す財政状態とは、どこからいくらの資金が調達され(負債および資本)、それが何にいくら使われているか(資産)、すなわち資金の調達源泉とその運用形態のことを意味していると解されてきた。しかし、今日では貸借対照表は、企業が行っている投資のポジション(資産と負債の現在の状態)を表しているという解釈が有力になってきている。 [万代勝信] 『カール・ケーファー著、安平昭二・郡司健訳『ケーファー 簿記・貸借対照表論の基礎』(2006・中央経済社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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