A classification term for Japanese music. It was a new term coined in the 1870s (early Meiji period) and its definition has changed over time. (1) Meiji Period In contrast to gagaku, which was performed at the Imperial Court and temples and shrines, this term was used to collectively refer to music for the common people. In other words, it was a general term for shamisen music such as Gidayu, Hauta, and Tokiwazu, as well as koto music, various street performances, and popular songs. However, with the establishment of the Iemoto system and changes in the outlook for music, the scope of popular music gradually narrowed. Popular singers were performers of vaudeville halls, such as Ayame Wasanosuke, Tachibana Yakinosuke, Tokunaga Richo (Tokuju, 1855-1936), and Saikokubo Meigaku. (2) From the Taisho to the early Showa period: Music of the streets, mainly popular songs. This includes recorded songs such as vaudeville music, songs derived from the entertainment world, and folk songs (now called folk songs). Famous singers were Tenchuken Ungetsu, Hounensai Umebozu (1854-1927), Yoshiwara Shimeji, Yamamura Toyoko, Shiganoya Tankai, and Yanagiya Yukie. (3) Mid-Showa Period During the golden age of radio, from 1949 (Showa 24) for five years, the radio program "Zokukyoku no Jikan" featured hanuta, utazawa, kouta, and vaudeville music, and these short shamisen songs were mistakenly considered to be zokukyoku. Yanagiya Mikimatsu and Nishikawa Tatsu (1895-1959) became popular, and Asai Maruko (1891-1974) left behind a unique collection of songs. (4) Modern times Not only is the definition vague, but even the term "zokkyoku" has fallen out of common use, but it can be considered a concept that includes the following six types. Representative songs are shown in parentheses: street performances (Fukagawa, Yakkosan, Kappore), Kadozuke performances (Hokai-bushi), popular songs other than Enuta (Otsu-e, Dodoitsu, Sanosa, Shinonome-bushi, which were popular from the Edo to Meiji periods), vaudeville music (Kisarazu Jinku, Enkaina, Tanuki), songs of the entertainment world (Setsuhon Kaina, Asai Kawa), and others (Sumo Jinku, works by Masuda Taro Kaja). A synonym for "zokkyoku" is "zokyou," which can be regarded as a form of parlor-style singing, such as folk songs. [Yoshihiro Kurata] [References] | |Tachibana | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本音楽の分類用語。1870年代(明治初期)の新造語で、時代によって定義は変わる。 (1)明治時代 宮廷や寺社で行われた雅楽に対し、庶民の音楽を総括する用語であった。すなわち、義太夫(ぎだゆう)、端唄(はうた)、常磐津(ときわず)などの三味線音楽や箏曲(そうきょく)、あるいは各種の大道芸やはやり歌などの総称。しかし家元制度の確立や音楽観の変化により、俗曲の範囲はしだいに狭まっていく。人気のあった歌い手は、菖蒲(あやめ)和佐之助、立花家橘之助(たちばなやきつのすけ)、徳永里朝(とくながりちょう)(徳寿(とくじゅ)、1855―1936)、西国坊明学(さいこくぼうめいがく)など寄席(よせ)の出演者である。 (2)大正から昭和前期 はやり歌を中心とする巷間(こうかん)の音楽。寄席の音曲(おんぎょく)や花柳界から派生した歌、さらに俚謡(りよう)(いまの民謡)などのレコード歌謡を含む。名をあげた歌い手は、天中軒雲月(てんちゅうけんうんげつ)、豊年斎梅坊主(ほうねんさいうめぼうず)(1854―1927)、吉原〆治(しめじ)、山村豊子、志賀廼家淡海(しがのやたんかい)、柳家雪江ら。 (3)昭和中期 ラジオの黄金時代であった1949年(昭和24)から5年間、ラジオ番組「俗曲の時間」は、端唄、うた沢、小唄、寄席の音曲などを取り上げたので、これら三味線小歌曲が俗曲だと誤解された。柳家三亀松(みきまつ)や西川たつ(1895―1959)が人気を集めたし、浅井丸留子(まるこ)(1891―1974)は独特の曲を残した。 (4)現代 定義があいまいであるばかりか、「俗曲」ということばすら一般的でなくなったが、次の6種を含んだ概念とみてよい。括弧内に代表的な曲を示すと、大道芸(深川、奴(やっこ)さん、かっぽれ)、門付(かどづけ)芸(法界節)、端唄以外のはやり歌(江戸から明治にかけて流行した大津絵、都々逸(どどいつ)、さのさ、東雲節(しののめぶし))、寄席の音曲(木更津甚句(きさらづじんく)、縁かいな、たぬき)、花柳界の歌(せつほんかいな、浅い川)、そのほか(角力(すもう)甚句、益田太郎冠者(ますだたろうかじゃ)の作品)。なお、「俗曲」の同意語に「俗謡」がある。これは民謡などの座敷唄化したものとみなして差し支えない。 [倉田喜弘] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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