In order to impose taxes, it is necessary to specify the things, actions, and facts that are the subject of taxation. These are called taxable objects, tax objects, or taxable objects. The tax base is the amount or quantity of these taxable objects. What is the tax base for each tax is clearly defined in the individual tax laws. For example, the tax base for income tax is the amount of income calculated using a certain method (Income Tax Law, Article 22), the tax base for inheritance tax is the total value of assets acquired through inheritance or bequest (Inheritance Tax Law, Article 11-2), and the tax base for fixed property tax is the price of fixed property registered in the fixed property ledger on a certain date, which is the fair market value (Local Tax Law, Articles 341 and 349). In addition, the tax base for liquor tax is the quantity of liquor in the case of specific tax (most liquor), and the tax base for ad valorem tax (fruit wine, whiskey, liqueurs, etc. that exceed the tax exemption limit for ad valorem tax) is the price of liquor (Liquor Tax Law, Article 22). The tax amount is calculated by applying the tax rate to the amount after various deductions are made from these tax bases. [Masatoshi Hayashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
課税をするには、課税の対象となる物、行為、事実を規定することが必要になるが、これらを課税物件、租税客体、あるいは課税客体とよぶ。これらの課税物件を金額ないし数量表示したものが課税標準である。何が各税にとっての課税標準であるかは、個別租税法に明確に定められている。たとえば、所得税の課税標準は一定の方法により計算した所得金額であり(所得税法22条)、相続税の課税標準は相続または遺贈によって得た財産の価額の合計額であり(相続税法11条の2)、固定資産税の課税標準は、一定期日に固定資産台帳に登録された固定資産の価格で、この価格とは適正な時価であるとされている(地方税法341条・349条)。また、酒税の課税標準は、従量税の場合(大部分の酒類)は酒類の数量であり、従価税の場合(果実酒、ウイスキー、リキュール類などのうち従価税の非課税限度額を超えるもの)は酒類の価格である(酒税法22条)。これらの課税標準から各種控除をした額に税率を適用すると税額が算出される。 [林 正寿] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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