A person who, in his/her own name, seeks the exercise of civil jurisdiction (such as a judgment or enforcement) in a certain legal case from a court, and the opposing party. In terms of a legal proceeding, a person who becomes the addressee of a judgment by suing or being sued. (1) In lawsuits concerning the bankrupt's property, a party to a lawsuit does not have to be the subject of the rights that are the subject of the litigation, for example, a bankruptcy trustee is entitled to be a party to the lawsuit (third-party litigation officer). (2) A lawyer who is a litigation representative or a legal representative such as a parent or guardian is a person who pursues a lawsuit not in his or her own name but in the name and on behalf of another person, and is not a party to the lawsuit. (3) An intervener who takes part in a lawsuit in his/her own name but is not the addressee of the judgment (Article 42 of the Civil Procedure Code) and a person who is merely subject to the effect of a judgment against another person (Article 115 of the same Code) are also not parties. The parties are given various names according to the type of litigation proceedings in which they are involved. For example, in a judgment proceeding, the parties are called the plaintiff and the defendant in the first instance, the appellant and the appellee in the second instance, and the appellant and the appellee in the final appeal. There are many issues surrounding the parties. These include what concept of parties should be adopted, what status should be granted to the parties, what criteria should be used to determine who the parties are (determination of parties), whether the parties have the capacity to become parties to a lawsuit (capacity to litigate), whether they have the capacity to take valid litigation action alone (capacity to litigate), and whether a judgment on the merits between the parties is appropriate to resolve the dispute (standing to be a party). The parties are the subjects of a lawsuit as those who seek a trial in court based on the constitutional right to a trial, and are not merely objects of investigation as in the past era of inquisitorial law. Therefore, the parties are granted various rights in the course of a lawsuit, such as the right to make claims and evidence in their favor during oral argument, and the rights granted to the parties in their status as subjects of a lawsuit are collectively called party rights. With these party rights guaranteed, the outcome of the lawsuit can be evaluated as the result of the parties' pursuit of the lawsuit, and it is possible to attribute the outcome of a loss to the parties' own responsibility. [Ikuo Ikejiri] [Reference] | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
自己の名において、ある訴訟事件につき裁判所に対して民事裁判権の行使(判決や強制執行など)を求める者、およびこれに対立する相手方をいう。判決手続についていえば、訴えまたは訴えられることによって判決の名宛(なあて)人となる者である。 (1)破産者の財産に関する訴訟では破産管財人に訴訟当事者となる資格が与えられているなど(第三者の訴訟担当)、訴訟当事者は訴訟の対象となっている権利関係の主体である必要はない。 (2)訴訟代理人である弁護士や親権者等の法定代理人などは、自己の名においてではなく、他人の名で他人にかわって訴訟を追行する者であって、当事者ではない。 (3)自己の名で訴訟に関与するが、判決の名宛人でない補助参加人(民事訴訟法42条)や、他人に対する判決の効力を受けるだけの者(同法115条)も当事者ではない。当事者はその関与する訴訟手続の種類に応じてさまざまな名称を与えられている。たとえば、判決手続における第一審では原告・被告、第二審では控訴人・被控訴人、上告審では上告人・被上告人とよばれている。 当事者をめぐってはいろいろな問題がある。どのような当事者概念をとるか、当事者にいかなる地位を認めるか、当事者がだれかをどのような基準で確定するか(当事者の確定)、当事者が訴訟当事者となりうる資格(当事者能力)をもつか、単独で有効に訴訟行為をなす能力(訴訟能力)を有するか、その当事者間に本案についての判決をするのが、紛争を解決するのに適切であるとするような資格(当事者適格)があるのか、などがそれである。当事者は、憲法上の裁判を受ける権利に基づいて裁判所に裁判を求める者として、訴訟の主体であり、かつての糾問主義の時代におけるような取調べの客体にとどまるものではない。したがって、この当事者には、口頭弁論において自己に有利な主張・立証を行う権利など、訴訟を進めるうえでいろいろな権利が認められており、こうした訴訟の主体たる地位において当事者に認められる権利を総称して当事者権とよぶ。この当事者権が保障されていることによって、訴訟の結果は、当事者の訴訟追行の結果であると評価することができ、敗訴の結果も当事者の自己責任に帰せしめることが可能となる。 [池尻郁夫] [参照項目] | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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