It refers to the part of another country's territory that a country borrows under a treaty. From the end of the 19th century, the European powers and Japan requested and obtained leased territories from the Qing Dynasty. First, in 1898, Germany leased Jiaozhou Bay, Russia leased Port Arthur and Dalian, the UK leased the Kowloon Peninsula and Weihai, and France leased Guangzhou Bay. After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan acquired the rights to the Russian leased territory (Kwantung Leased Territory). In 1919, Japan inherited the German leased territory of Jiaozhou Bay under the Treaty of Versailles. The rights that a country has over a leased territory are based on the individual treaties related to the lease, but they have in common that the country can exercise overall sovereignty over the legislative, administrative, and judicial branches. In addition, the leases were usually for a long period of 99 years, so the leases were said to be fictitious cessions, but they are not cessions. The leased territories were subsequently returned one after another, and the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed in December 1984 and came into effect in May 1985. On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was returned to China, ending the lease relationship between the UK and China. The Portuguese territory of Macau was also returned to China in December 1999. Another unique site is Guantanamo Bay, which the United States leased from Cuba in 1903. The United States used it as a naval base, and refused to return it to the Cuban government after the Cuban Revolution. Since 2002, it has been used as a detention center for people held captive in Afghanistan and Iraq, and is known as the Guantanamo Bay Detention Center. [Taijudo Kanae and Hirobe Kazuya] [Reference item] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ある国が条約に基づいて借り受けた他国領土の部分をいう。19世紀の末よりヨーロッパ列強と日本が、清(しん)国に要求して租借地を得た。まず1898年にドイツが膠州(こうしゅう)湾を、ロシアが旅順(りょじゅん)・大連(だいれん)を、イギリスが九竜(きゅうりゅう)半島と威海(いかい)を、フランスが広州湾を租借した。日露戦争後、日本はロシア租借地(関東州)の権利を取得した。また1919年のベルサイユ条約によってドイツ租借地の膠州湾を引き継いだ。租借国が租借地に対してもつ権利は、租借に関する個々の条約に基づくが、租借国が立法・行政・司法の全般にわたる統治権を行使しうる点で共通している。また、租借の期限も普通は99年と長期間であったため、租借は仮装の割譲であるといわれたが、割譲とは異なる。租貸国は潜在的な主権を維持し、租借国は租貸国の同意なくして租借地の地位を変更しえないからである。期限満了により、またそれ以前でも租借国の放棄によって、租貸国はすべての権利を回復する。その後、租借地は次々に返還され、1984年12月に中英共同宣言が調印され、1985年5月に発効し、1997年7月1日香港(ホンコン)が中国に返還されて英中の租借関係が終了した。また、ポルトガルの領土マカオも1999年12月に中国に返還された。 ほかに特殊なものとして、アメリカが1903年キューバから租借したグアンタナモ湾岸がある。アメリカはこれを海軍基地として使用し、キューバ革命後のキューバ政府の返還要求には応じていない。2002年からはアフガニスタンやイラクで拘束された人の収容所として用いられ、グアンタナモ収容所とよばれている。 [太寿堂鼎・広部和也] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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