Italian painter and architect. He built the foundations of Florentine painting, and is celebrated as the founder of Italian painting, and even of modern European painting. He was born in Vespignano, a small village near Florence. There is a famous story, as told by Ghiberti, in which the poor boy Giotto was drawing a picture of a sheep while tending it, when Cimabue, who happened to be passing by, was amazed by his talent and took him home as his apprentice. Regardless of the veracity of this story, it is highly likely that Giotto studied painting under Cimabue. However, the influence of the Roman school, which had reached a high level at the time thanks to the work of Pietro Cavallini and others, was also important in forming Giotto's style. He is also thought to have been inspired by the sculptures of Arnolfo di Cambio and Giovanni Pisano, who were influenced by ancient and French Gothic art. In other words, it is no exaggeration to say that Giotto absorbed the outstanding achievements of Italian medieval art, brought about a major revolution by infusing the painting of the time, known as Italo-Byzantine, with spatiality and realism, and set the course for Italian and European painting thereafter. The background to Giotto's paintings can be cited as the rise of the urban middle class, the religious movement that had captured the hearts of those citizens since St. Francis, and the development of fresco techniques. There are many unknowns about his early activities, but among the works from this period, the Crucifixion in Santa Maria Novella in Florence and the Madonna and Child with Angels in San Giorgio alla Costa are recognized by many scholars as genuine. The attribution of a portion of the Life of the Old Testament and the Life of St. Francis in the Senate of San Francesco in Assisi is still an unresolved debate, and is one of the most difficult issues in the history of Italian art. Many scholars, mainly Italians, claim that they are Giotto's work, but there are strong objections, mainly from British and American scholars. In any case, there is no doubt that Giotto's greatest work is the Life of Mary and the Life of Christ mural in the Arena Chapel (Scrobegni Chapel) in Padua (1303-05). The murals of this small chapel are a monumental achievement in the history of Western art. The harmony of humanity and religion in the vividly depicted stories, supported by an extraordinary sense of form, reaches a high artistic level. Among his important works left in Florence are the Madonna in Glory (Uffizi Gallery) and the murals in the Bardi and Peruzzi Chapels in the Basilica of Santa Croce. Giotto enjoyed wide fame, ran a large workshop, and fulfilled other orders from various places. He is known to have worked for popes and monarchs in Rome, Rimini, Naples, Milan, and elsewhere. Unfortunately, few of his remains remain today. In 1334, he was appointed chief architect of the Florence Cathedral (Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore), where he died while working on the construction of the bell tower. [Masumi Ishinabe] "The World of the Masters, Giotto" by Salles Eymard (1970, Seibu Time)" ▽ "The Complete Works of World Art 1, Giotto, Commentary by Eiya Sasaki (1978, Shueisha)" [References] | |Probably circa 1320, tempera , Metropolitan Museum of Art Giotto's "Adoration of the Magi" The octagonal baptistery (leftmost in the photo) is in the Romanesque style. The campanile (bell tower) attached to the main hall was designed by Giotto and is about 85m high. In the background, you can see the cupola (domed cupola) designed by Brunelleschi as a symbol of the city of Florence. Part of the World Heritage Site "Historic Center of Florence" (Italy, registered in 1982) Florence, Italy ©Shogakukan "> The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore… Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イタリアの画家、建築家。フィレンツェ派絵画の基礎を築き、イタリア絵画、ひいてはヨーロッパの近代絵画の創始者とたたえられる。フィレンツェ近郊の小村ベスピニャーノに生まれる。貧しい少年ジョットが、羊の番をしながら羊の絵を描いていると、通りかかったチマブーエがその才能に驚き、連れて帰って弟子とした、というギベルティの伝えるエピソードは有名である。この話の真偽はさておき、ジョットがチマブーエのもとで画業を学んだ可能性は大きいといえる。しかし、ジョットの作風形成には、ピエトロ・カバリーニなどの活躍で当時高い水準に達していたローマ派の影響も重要である。また、古代やフランス・ゴシック美術の影響を受けたアルノルフォ・ディ・カンビオやジョバンニ・ピサーノの彫刻からも刺激を受けたと思われる。つまり、ジョットはイタリアの中世美術の優れた成果を吸収し、イタロ・ビザンティンとよばれる当時の絵画に、空間性と写実性を吹き込んで一大変革を成し遂げ、その後のイタリア絵画、そしてヨーロッパ絵画を方向づけたといっても過言ではない。こうしたジョット絵画の背景となったのは、都市市民層の勃興(ぼっこう)、その市民たちの心をとらえた聖フランチェスコ以来の宗教運動、そしてフレスコ画技法の発展などをあげることができる。 初期の活動には不明な点が多いが、この時代の作品としては、フィレンツェのサンタ・マリア・ノベッラ聖堂の『磔刑図(たっけいず)』とサン・ジョルジョ・アッラ・コスタ聖堂の『聖母子と天使』が、多くの学者に真筆と認められている。アッシジのサン・フランチェスコ聖堂上院の『旧約伝』の一部と『聖フランチェスコ伝』壁画は、その帰属に関する議論がいまだ決着をみず、イタリア美術史上の難題の一つといえる。イタリア人を中心に多くの学者はジョットの作と主張するが、おもにイギリス、アメリカ人学者による強い反論があるからである。ともあれ、ジョットの最大の作品がパドバのアレーナ礼拝堂(スクロベーニ礼拝堂)の『マリア伝とキリスト伝』壁画(1303~05)であることは疑う余地がない。この小礼拝堂の壁画群は西洋美術史の一大金字塔で、生き生きと描かれた物語にみる人間性と宗教性の融和は、並はずれた造形感覚に支えられて、高い芸術的境地に達している。フィレンツェに残された作品としては、『栄光の聖母』(ウフィツィ美術館)、サンタ・クローチェ聖堂のバルディ、ペルッツィの両礼拝堂の壁画が重要である。ジョットは広い名声を博し、大工房を営み、このほかにも各地の注文に応じていた。ローマ、リミニ、ナポリ、ミラノなどで、教皇や君主のために制作に携わったことが知られている。しかし残念ながら、今日残る遺品は少ない。さらに、1334年にはフィレンツェ大聖堂(サンタ・マリア・デル・フィオーレ大聖堂)の主任建築家に任ぜられ、鐘塔の建設にあたり、同地で没した。 [石鍋真澄] 『サレス・エイマール著『巨匠の世界 ジョット』(1970・西武タイム)』▽『佐々木英也解説『世界美術全集1 ジオット』(1978・集英社)』 [参照項目] | |おそらく1320年ころ テンペラメトロポリタン美術館所蔵"> ジョット『東方三博士の礼拝』 八角形の洗礼堂(写真左端)はロマネスク様式。本堂に付属するカンパニーレ(鐘塔)はジョットの設計で、高さ約85m。奥にはブルネレスキがフィレンツェの町のシンボルとして設計したクーポラ(円蓋)が見える。世界文化遺産「フィレンツェ歴史地区」の一部(イタリア・1982年登録) イタリア フィレンツェ©Shogakukan"> サンタ・マリア・デル・フィオーレ大聖堂… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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