Concession - Sokai

Japanese: 租界 - そかい
Concession - Sokai

One of the special interests of foreign countries that existed in old China, it is an area where foreigners had various privileges. It shows the semi-colonial character of China. After the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, Britain opened its own concession in Shanghai (1845), which was the first concession in China. After the First Sino-Japanese War, the number of concessions increased dramatically due to the competition for interests among the imperialist powers, and reached its highest level before World War I. There are two types of concessions: exclusive concessions under the jurisdiction of one country, and international concessions under the jurisdiction of multiple countries. There are two international concessions and 25 exclusive concessions, and eight countries have established them. The main concessions are Shanghai, Tianjin, Hankou, Guangzhou, and Xiamen. The concessions served as bases for the great powers' invasion of China, and in order to guarantee and maintain this, they had consular jurisdiction, the right to station foreign troops, and privileges regarding economic activities. These concessions served as bases for Japan's invasion of China and were also where Japanese residents were concentrated.

The concessions symbolize China's status as a colony and its contradictions, and Shanghai in particular occupies an important position in the history of the Chinese revolution, with the May Fourth Movement of 1919 and the May 30th Incident of 1925 taking place there. After World War I, the movement to recover vested interests and to fight against imperialism grew stronger, and the concessions were gradually recovered as a major target. The return was essentially completed in 1943, and the 100-year-old Chinese concession system came to an end.

[Minamizato Tomoki]

Shanghai Concession
©Shogakukan ">

Shanghai Concession


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

旧中国に存在した外国の特殊権益の一つで、外国人がさまざまな特権をもっていた地区。中国の半植民地的性格を示すものである。1842年の南京(ナンキン)条約以降、イギリスが上海(シャンハイ)に自国租界を開設(1845)したのが中国における最初の租界である。日清(にっしん)戦争後、帝国主義列強の利権獲得競争によって租界の数は激増し、第一次世界大戦前に最大となった。租界には、一国が管轄する専管租界と、複数国が管理する共同租界がある。設定された租界数は共同租界2、専管租界25、設定国は八か国にわたる。おもな租界は上海、天津(てんしん)、漢口、広州、厦門(アモイ)などである。租界は、列強の中国における侵略活動の根拠地としての性格をもち、それを保障・維持するため領事裁判権、外国軍隊の駐留権、および経済活動に関する特権をもっていた。日本の中国侵略活動の根拠地として、また在留日本人が集中して居住していたのもこれらの租界であった。

 租界はいわば中国の植民地としての地位、矛盾を象徴する存在であり、わけても上海は、1919年の五・四運動、25年の五・三〇事件など、中国革命史のうえで重要な位置を占めている。第一次大戦以降、利権回収、反帝国主義の運動が強くなり、租界はその主要対象として漸次回収されていった。1943年に事実上返還が完了し、100年にわたる中国租界制度は消滅した。

[南里知樹]

上海の租界
©Shogakukan">

上海の租界


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