Riot Crime - Soranzai

Japanese: 騒乱罪 - そうらんざい
Riot Crime - Soranzai

A crime in which a large group of people gather together to commit violence or intimidation, thereby disturbing the peace of a region. In 1987, the Criminal Code was amended from the previous term "riot crime" to "riot crime." The ringleader is punished with imprisonment for a period of one year to ten years, those who direct or lead others in the movement are punished with imprisonment for a period of six months to seven years, and those who accompany are punished with a fine of up to 100,000 yen (Article 106 of the Criminal Code). In a broader sense, this crime includes the crime of failure to disperse a large group (Article 107 of the same law). This crime disturbs the "public peace" as a social legal interest, and is a typical example of a group crime, but unlike organized crimes such as the crime of insurrection, which aim to disturb the Imperial Constitution, it is characterized by being based on mob psychology (hence the very light sentences for those who accompany). The history of this crime can be traced back to the "crime of assembling a group of villains" in the old Criminal Code (enacted in 1879), which was frequently used to oppress the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. Even after it became the current Criminal Code, it was used to oppress the rice riots, peasant movements, and labor movements before World War II, and after the war, the four major riots around 1950 (Showa 25) are well known (note that these cases resulted in long trials).

For this crime to be established, objectively, there must be collective violence or intimidation sufficient to disturb the peace of a local area, and subjectively, there must be a "common intent," that is, the intent of a large number of people to commit violence or intimidation together (joint forces). The ringleader of this crime does not necessarily have to directly participate in the violence or intimidation. However, since this crime is characterized by its being based on mob psychology, there may be cases where there is no ringleader. Incidentally, the crime of failure to disperse a crowd is when a large number of people gather to commit violence or intimidation, and still do not disperse even after receiving orders to disperse from authorized public officials (such as police officers) three or more times.

In addition, there are special provisions in Article 40 of the Subversive Activities Prevention Act regarding this crime when it is committed for political purposes.

[Tetsuro Nawa]

[References] | Osu Incident | Mob Psychology | Suita Incident | Tairai Incident | Criminal Rebellion | Anti-Subversive Activities Law | May Day Incident

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

多衆が集合して暴行または脅迫をし、一地域の平穏を害する罪。1987年(昭和62)の刑法一部改正によって、従来の騒擾罪(そうじょうざい)が騒乱罪と改められた。主謀者は1年以上10年以下の懲役または禁錮、他人を指揮したり率先して勢いを助けた者は6月以上7年以下の懲役または禁錮、附和随行した者は10万円以下の罰金に処せられる(刑法106条)。広義では多衆不解散罪(同法107条)を含む。本罪は、社会法益としての「公共の平穏」を害する罪であり、集団犯罪の典型であるが、内乱罪のように朝憲紊乱(ちょうけんびんらん)を目的とする組織的な犯罪とは異なり、むしろ群集心理に基づく点に特徴がある(したがって、附和随行者の刑は非常に軽い)。本罪の沿革は、自由民権運動の弾圧に多用された旧刑法(1879制定)の「兇徒聚衆罪(きょうとしゅうしゅうざい)」であり、現行刑法になってからも、第二次世界大戦前には、米騒動、農民運動、さらに労働運動の弾圧に活用され、戦後では、1950年(昭和25)前後の四大騒擾事件(平事件(たいらじけん)、メーデー事件、吹田事件(すいたじけん)、大須事件(おおすじけん))が有名である(なお、これらの事件は長期裁判となった)。

 本罪が成立するためには、客観的に、一地方の平穏を害するに足る集団的な暴行または脅迫が必要であり、主観的には、「共同意思」、すなわち、多衆が共同して(力をあわせて)暴行または脅迫する意思が必要である。なお本罪の主謀者は、かならずしも暴行または脅迫に直接参加する必要はない。ただ、本罪は群集心理に基づく点に特色があるから、主謀者の存在しない場合もありうる。ちなみに、多衆不解散罪とは、暴行または脅迫をするため多衆が集合し、権限のある公務員(警察官など)から解散の命令を受けることが3回以上に及んでも、なお解散しない罪である。

 なお、本罪につき、政治目的でなされる場合には、破壊活動防止法第40条に特別な規定がある。

[名和鐵郎]

[参照項目] | 大須事件 | 群集心理 | 吹田事件 | 平事件 | 内乱罪 | 破壊活動防止法 | メーデー事件

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