Ornament - ornament English

Japanese: 装飾音 - そうしょくおん(英語表記)ornament 英語
Ornament - ornament English

A musical term referring to special, detailed sounds, or groups of sounds, that composers and performers add to a melody to enhance it and make it more interesting. Ornaments are found in a wide variety of music across time and region, and their content is also extremely diverse.

In Western music, ornaments were already seen in Gregorian chant, and since then, they have been one of the important issues related to the essence of music throughout the Middle Ages. However, they were not written down in musical notation, but were played freely by performers improvising or according to performance conventions. In the 16th century, abbreviated notation for ornaments was used in keyboard and lute music, but there was still confusion about what each symbol meant. Later, abbreviated notation for ornaments was gradually standardized, and it was popularized widely throughout Europe by French composers in the 17th century. In particular, the use of agréments (French for ornament) by composers of keyboard music became the basis for subsequent ornaments and their abbreviated notation. In the 17th and 18th centuries, ornaments reached their peak, and most were written in abbreviated notation. Ornaments were used after the 19th century, but the number of types decreased, and ornaments were often written in regular musical notation.

In the music of peoples outside of Europe and America, as well as in Japan, ornaments are often used to avoid monotony of the melody, since the music is generally characterized by a strong monotonous character. Many of these ornaments are closely related to subtle changes in intonation and tone, vibrato, and so on. Representative examples include Indonesian gamelan music, in which numerous melodic percussion instruments simultaneously subdivide and embellish the main melody in various ways to produce a polyphonic effect, yodel-like trills and mordents in Islamic vocal music, intense vibrato in Korean vocal music, kobushi used in Japanese vocal music, and suriage and yuriiro techniques used in the hands of shamisen and koto players.

[Toshiaki Kurosaka]

Ornaments (abbreviations and playing techniques)
The diagram shows the abbreviated notation of the main ornaments and their representative playing methods .

Ornaments (abbreviations and playing techniques)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

作曲家や演奏家が旋律を華やかにし、音楽に興趣を添えるために加える特別な細かい音、またはそれらの音の集まりをさす音楽用語。装飾音は時代や地域を問わずさまざまな音楽にみられ、内容も多種多様である。

 西洋音楽では、すでにグレゴリオ聖歌に装飾音がみられ、以来中世を通じて音楽の本質にかかわる重要な問題の一つであった。しかし、それは楽譜に記されることがなく、演奏家の即興あるいは演奏慣習に従って自由に奏されていた。16世紀に入ると、鍵盤(けんばん)楽器やリュートの楽曲で装飾音のための略記法が用いられるようになったが、それぞれの記号が何を意味するかについてはまだ混乱を呈していた。のちに装飾音に関する略記法はしだいに標準化されていき、17世紀のフランスの作曲家たちによって、広くヨーロッパを通じて一般化されるに至った。とりわけ、鍵盤楽器の楽曲を作曲していた人々がアグレマンagréments(フランス語で装飾の意)とよんでいた使用法は、その後の装飾音およびその略記法の基礎となった。17、8世紀、装飾音は最盛期を迎え、ほとんどが略記法で示された。19世紀以後も装飾音は用いられたが、その種類は減少し、普通の音譜で記されることが多くなった。

 欧米以外の諸民族や日本の音楽では、一般的な特徴として単旋律の性格が強いために、旋律の単調さを避けようとして装飾音が盛んに用いられる。それらの多くは、イントネーションや音色の微妙な変化、ビブラートなどと深い関係をもっている。代表例には、インドネシアのガムラン音楽のように多数の旋律打楽器が、同時に主旋律をさまざまな方法で細分、装飾し、多音的効果を生むもの、イスラム圏の声楽にみられる、のどを使ったヨーデル風のトリルやモルデント、朝鮮の声楽にみられる激しいビブラート、日本の声楽に使用される「こぶし」、三味線や箏(そう)の手にみられる「スリ上ゲ」「ゆりいろ」などの技法がある。

[黒坂俊昭]

装飾音(略記法と奏法)
図は、おもな装飾音の略記法とその代表的奏法である©Shogakukan">

装飾音(略記法と奏法)


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