Mutual Bank - Sogoginko

Japanese: 相互銀行 - そうごぎんこう
Mutual Bank - Sogoginko

A private financial institution specializing in small and medium-sized enterprises, established based on the Mutual Bank Act (Act No. 199 of 1951) enacted in 1951. Abbreviated as Sogo Bank. Mutual banks were converted into ordinary banks one after another in 1989, and in 1992, Toho Mutual Bank was merged with Iyo Bank, resulting in the disappearance of mutual banks. The Mutual Bank Act was also abolished in terms of the financial system.

In the past, mutual banks were required by the Mutual Banking Law to use the word "mutual bank" in their trade names and to be joint-stock companies with capital of at least 400 million yen. Most mutual banks were reorganized and developed from existing mutual aid companies, and therefore their origins can be traced back to the distant mujin and tanomoshiko associations.

Mutual banks' operations included mutual contribution services, accepting deposits and installment savings, lending funds, discounting bills, and foreign exchange services, and apart from the mutual contribution services which they carried over from the Mutual Loan System, they were virtually the same as ordinary banks. However, due to their specialization in small and medium-sized enterprises, there were restrictions on who could borrow, and in principle, business loans were only available to small and medium-sized enterprises (corporations or individual business operators) with 300 employees or less or capital of 800 million yen or less. The loan limit for each individual was the lower of 20% of the bank's equity capital or 1.5 billion yen. Loans to individuals other than business funds could be made without restrictions.

After that, the mutual premiums, which were the unique business of mutual banks, gradually decreased, and restrictions on business areas were abolished, allowing them to operate over a wider area, so that mutual banks' size and management became similar to that of regional banks. In light of this situation, the National Mutual Bank Association, the umbrella organization for mutual banks, submitted a request to the then Minister of Finance in May 1984 for the simultaneous conversion of mutual banks to ordinary banks, which was also discussed by the Financial System Research Council (now the Financial System Council). Furthermore, based on the "Law on Mergers and Conversions of Financial Institutions" that came into effect in June 1968, and the report of the Financial System Research Council in 1987, the way was opened for mutual banks to convert individually to ordinary banks, and from February 1989, mutual banks were converted to ordinary banks one after another. Ordinary banks that converted from mutual banks became members of the Second Regional Bank Association. At the end of 1988, just before mutual banks were converted into ordinary banks, the total size of mutual banks was 68, with capital of 47,732 billion yen and loans of 38,254 billion yen. As of the end of March 2008, the number of second-tier regional banks was 45, with capital of 55,561.9 billion yen and loans of 42,930.9 billion yen.

[Shizuo Mori]

[Reference item] | Second Regional Bank | Raimoshiko | Mutual Aid Company

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1951年(昭和26)制定の相互銀行法(昭和26年法律199号)に基づいて設立された中小企業専門の民間金融機関。相銀と略称される。相互銀行は1989年(平成1)に相次いで普通銀行に転換し、92年、東邦相互銀行が伊予銀行に合併されたことにより相互銀行は消滅した。金融制度上でも相互銀行法は廃止されるに至った。

 かつての相互銀行は相互銀行法により、商号中に相互銀行という文字の使用を義務づけられ、また資本金4億円以上の株式会社でなければならないとされていた。大部分の相互銀行は従来からの無尽会社を改組、発展したもので、したがってその源流は遠く無尽・頼母子講(たのもしこう)にまでさかのぼることができる。

 相互銀行の業務としては、相互掛金業務、預金および定期積金の受入れ、資金の貸付および手形の割引、為替(かわせ)業務などがあり、業務面では、無尽を継承した相互掛金業務を除くと普通銀行とほとんど変わるところがなかった。ただし、中小企業専門という特性上、融資対象には制限があり、事業資金の融資は、従業員300人以下もしくは資本金8億円以下の中小企業者(法人または個人の事業者)であることを原則としていた。同一人に対する融資限度は、自己資本の20%または15億円の、いずれか低い額である。事業資金以外の個人に対する融資は、制限なく行うことができた。

 その後、相互銀行の固有業務である相互掛金は漸次減少し、また営業区域の制限も廃止されて広域での営業が可能となったこともあって、相互銀行の規模や経営内容は地方銀行に類似したものになった。このような状況を踏まえて、相互銀行の上部団体である全国相互銀行協会は、1984年5月に、相互銀行の普通銀行への一斉転換の要望書を当時の大蔵大臣に提出し、金融制度調査会(現、金融審議会)においても審議された。さらに、1968年6月施行の「金融機関の合併及び転換に関する法律」をよりどころに、また87年の金融制度調査会の答申によって相互銀行の普通銀行への個別転換の道が開かれ、89年2月以降、相互銀行から順次普通銀行に転換していった。相互銀行から転換した普通銀行は、第二地方銀行協会に所属することになった。相互銀行が普通銀行に転換する直前の1988年末における相互銀行全体の規模は、相互銀行数68行、資金量47兆7320億円、融資量38兆2540億円であった。なお、2008年3月末現在で第二地方銀行は銀行数45行、資金量55兆5619億円、融資量42兆9309億円である。

[森 静朗]

[参照項目] | 第二地方銀行 | 頼母子講 | 無尽会社

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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